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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dheig̑h- 'to build, knead clay'

Semantic Fields: to Build; to Knead

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	digen	adj	firm, solid	LRC
English
Old English:	dǣge	n	kneader of bread	W7
	dāg/dāh	n	dough	W7
	-dīge	n.sfx	lady, lit. -kneader	W7
	hlǣf-dī(g)e	n.str.fem	lady of house, lit. loaf-kneader	GED/ASD
Middle English:	deye	n	dairymaid	W7
	deyerie	n	dairy	W7
	disfiguren	vb	to disfigure	W7
	dogh	n	dough	W7
	effigie	n	effigy	W7
	faint/feint	adj	faint	W7
	feignen	vb	to feign	W7
	ficcioun	n	fiction	W7
	figment	n	figment	W7
	figure	n	figure	W7
	lady	n	lady	W7
	paradis	n	paradise	W7
	prefiguren	vb	to prefigure	W7
	transfiguren	vb	to transfigure	W7
English:	configure	vb	to make/arrange in certain form/shape/figure	AHD/CDC
	dairy	n	place where milk/butter/cheese is kept/made	AHD/W7
	disfigure	vb.trans	to spoil appearance of	AHD/W7
	dough	n	mixture of flour/other ingredients ready to knead/roll	AHD/W7
	effigy	n	image/representation, esp. of person	AHD/W7
	faineant	n	irresponsible idler	AHD/W7
	faint	adj	cowardly, lacking courage/spirit	AHD/W7
	feign	vb	to sham, represent by false appearance	AHD/W7
	feint	n	trick, something feigned	AHD/W7
	fictile	adj	molded/moldable in earth/clay/other material	AHD/W7
	fiction	n	something feigned/invented by imagination	AHD/W7
	figment	n	something made up/contrived/fabricated	AHD/W7
	figure	n	numeral, number symbol	AHD/W7
	figurine	n	small carved/molded figure	AHD/W7
	lady	n	mistress, female head of household	AHD/W7
	paradise	n	garden of Eden	AHD/W7
	prefigure	vb.trans	to show/suggest/announce by antecedent type/image/likeness	AHD/W7
	teiglach	n	dough-ball confection	AHD
	thigmotaxis	n	stereotaxis	AHD/W7
	thixotropy	n	(gel) becoming fluid when stirred/shaken but returning to semisolid state when standing	AHD
	transfigure	vb.trans	to metamorphose, change form/appearance of	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	deeg	n.neut	dough	ASD
	degel	n.str.masc	brick	GED
Middle Low German:	degel	n.str.masc	brick	GED
	deger/diger	adv	completely	GED
Old High German:	teic	adj	decayed	LRC
	teig	n.masc	dough	RPN/ASD
Middle High German:	teic	n	dough	ASD
	tiger(e)	adv	completely	GED
German:	Teig	n.masc	dough	ASD
Yiddish:	teyg	n	dough	AHD
	teyglekh	n	teiglach	AHD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	deig	n	dough	RPN
	digr	adj	big, stout; thick, deep	LRC
Old Icelandic:	digr	adj	big, stout	GED
	digull	n.str.masc	brick	GED
Icelandic:	deig	n.neut	dough	ASD
Norwegian:	digen	adj	fat	GED
	digna	vb.wk	to grow/become fat	GED
Danish:	deig	n.masc/fem	dough	ASD
Swedish:	deg	n.masc	dough	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	daigs	n.masc	dough	RPN/ASD
	deigan	vb	to make dough	ASD
	*digan	vb.str.I	to knead, form (from) clay	GED/RPN
Italic
Oscan:	feíhúss	n.pl	walls	GED/RPN
Old Latin:	figura	n	figure	GED
	fīlum	n	thread	GED
Latin:	effigies	n.fem	representation, portrait	W7
	effingo, effingere	vb	to form	W7
	fictilis	adj	molded of clay	W7
	fictio, fictionis	n.fem	act of fashioning, fiction	W7
	figmentum	n.neut	molded figure, creation	W7
	figulus	n	potter, worker in clay	GED/RPN
	figūra	n.fem	form, shape, size, figure	RPN
	figūro, figūrare	vb	to shape, fashion	W7
	fingō, fingere, finxī, fīctus	vb	to form, shape, fashion	GED
	transfiguro, transfigurare	vb	to change figure	W7
Late Latin:	paradisus	n.masc	paradise, heaven	W7
	praefiguro, praefigurāre	vb	to prefigure	W7
New Latin:	thigmotaxis	n.fem	type of taxis	W7
Old French:	faindre, feindre, feign-	vb	to shape; to feign, shirk	W7
	feint	vb.ptc	feigned	W7
	feinte	n.fem	act of feigning	W7
	figure	n.fem	shape, allure	W7
	paradis	n.masc	heaven	W7
Middle French:	desfigurer	vb	to disfigure	W7
	faignant	adj	lazy	W7
	fait-nient	n.masc	does nothing, by folk etymology	W7
	feindre, faindre	vb	to make believe, be lazy	W7
	fiction	n.fem	invention	W7
	figure	n.fem	face, apparence	W7
French:	faineant	adj	lazy, sluggish	W7
	feinte	n.fem	act of feigning	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	díežti	vb	to whip, beat	GED
	dýžti	vb	to whip, beat soundly, knead thoroughly	GED/RPN
Latvian:	diezêt	vb	to offer, talk into buying	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ziždǫ, zьdati	vb	to build	RPN
	zьdъ	n	wall	RPN
Old Russian:	dĕža	n	dough mold, baker's trough	LRC
Russian:	dežá	n	baker's trough	GED
Ukrainian:	d'ižá	n	baker's trough	GED/RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	θιγγάνω	vb	to touch	GED
	thigma	n.neut	touch	W7
	παράδεισος	n.masc	(enclosed) park, paradise	LRC
	τεῖχος/τοῖχος	n.neut	wall	GED
Late Greek:	παράδεισος	n.masc	paradise, heaven	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	dēz	n	heap	LRC
	dizanem	vb	to heap, collect, pile up	GED/RPN
Iranian
Old Persian:	didā	n	castle, fortification	GED
Persian:	diz	n	fortification	GED
Avestan:	daēza-	n	wall (esp. of mud/clay bricks)	RPN
	daēzayeiti	vb.caus	to heap, wall about	GED
	pairi-daēza-	n	paradise, lit. enclosure	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	deham/dehas	n	body	GED
	dehayati	vb	to build (a wall)	LRC
	dehī́	n	wall, bank, mound, rampart	RPN
	déhmi	vb	to smear, anoint, plaster	GED/RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	ts(a)ik-	vb	to form	GED
Tocharian A:	tsek-	vb	to form	GED
	tseke	n	sculpture, molded figure	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
caus	=	causative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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