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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dheig̑h- 'to build, knead clay'

Semantic Fields: to Build; to Knead

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	digen	adj	firm, solid	LRC
English
Old English:	dǣge	n	kneader of bread	W7
	dāg/dāh	n	dough	W7
	-dīge	sfx	lady	W7
	hlǣfdīge	n	lady	W7
Middle English:	deye	n	dairymaid	W7
	deyerie	n	dairy	W7
	disfiguren	vb	to disfigure	W7
	dogh	n	dough	W7
	effigie	n	effigy	W7
	feignen	vb	to feign	W7
	feint, faint	adj	faint	W7
	ficcioun	n	fiction	W7
	figment	n	figment	W7
	figure	n	figure	W7
	lady	n	lady	W7
	paradis	n	paradise	W7
	prefiguren	vb	to prefigure	W7
	transfiguren	vb	to transfigure	W7
English:	dairy	n	place where milk is kept, butter/cheese is made	AHD/W7
	disfigure	vb.trans	to spoil appearance of	AHD/W7
	dough	n	mixture of flour/other ingredients ready to knead/roll	AHD/W7
	effigy	n	image/representation, esp. of person	AHD/W7
	faineant	n	irresponsible idler	AHD/W7
	faint	adj	cowardly, lacking courage/spirit	AHD/W7
	feign	vb	to sham, represent by false appearance	AHD/W7
	feint	n	trick, something feigned	AHD/W7
	fictile	adj	molded/moldable in earth/clay/other material	AHD/W7
	fiction	n	something feigned/invented by imagination	AHD/W7
	figment	n	something made up/contrived/fabricated	AHD/W7
	figure	n	numeral, number symbol	AHD/W7
	lady	n	mistress, female head of household	AHD/W7
	paradise	n	garden of Eden	AHD/W7
	prefigure	vb.trans	to show/suggest/announce by antecedent type/image/likeness	AHD/W7
	thigmotaxis	n	stereotaxis	AHD/W7
	transfigure	vb.trans	to metamorphose, change form/appearance of	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	teic	adj	decayed	LRC
	teig	n	dough	RPN
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	deig	n	dough	RPN
	digr	adj	big, stout; thick; deep	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	daigs	n	dough	RPN
	digan	vb	to knead, form (from) clay	RPN
Italic
Oscan:	feíhúss	n.pl	walls	RPN
Latin:	effigies	n.fem	representation, portrait	W7
	effingo, effingere	vb	to form	W7
	fictilis	adj	molded of clay	W7
	fictio, fictionis	n.fem	act of fashioning, fiction	W7
	figmentum	n.neut	molded figure, creation	W7
	figulus	n	potter, worker in clay	RPN
	figūra	n.fem	figure, form, shape, size	RPN
	figūro, figūrare	vb	to shape, fashion	W7
	fingo, fingere, finxi, fictus	vb	to feign, shape, fashion	W7
	transfiguro, transfigurare	vb	to change figure	W7
Late Latin:	paradisus	n.masc	paradise, heaven	W7
	praefiguro, praefigurāre	vb	to prefigure	W7
New Latin:	thigmotaxis	n.fem	type of taxis	W7
Old French:	faindre, feindre, feign-	vb	to shape; to feign, shirk	W7
	feint	vb.ptc	feigned	W7
	feinte	n.fem	act of feigning	W7
	figure	n.fem	shape, allure	W7
	paradis	n.masc	heaven	W7
Middle French:	desfigurer	vb	to disfigure	W7
	faignant	adj	lazy	W7
	fait-nient	n.masc	does nothing, by folk etymology	W7
	feindre, faindre	vb	to make believe, be lazy	W7
	fiction	n.fem	invention	W7
	figure	n.fem	face, apparence	W7
French:	faineant	adj	lazy, sluggish	W7
	feinte	n.fem	act of feigning	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	dýžti	vb	to beat soundly, knead thoroughly	RPN
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ziždǫ, zьdati	vb	to build	RPN
	zьdъ	n	wall	RPN
Old Russian:	dĕža	n	dough mold, baker's trough	LRC
Ukrainian:	d'ižá	n	baker's trough	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	thigma	n.neut	touch	W7
	thinganein	vb	to touch	W7
	παράδεισος	n.masc	(enclosed) park	LRC
	τεῖχος	n.neut	wall	LRC
Late Greek:	παράδεισος	n.masc	paradise, heaven	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	dēz	n	heap	LRC
	dizanem	vb	to heap, collect, pile up	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	daēza-	n	wall (esp. of mud/clay bricks)	RPN
	pairi-daēza-	n	paradise, lit. enclosure	W7
Old Persian:	didā	n	castle	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	dehayati	vb	to build (a wall)	LRC
	dehī́	n	mound, bank, wall, rampart	RPN
	déhmi	vb	to smear, anoint, plaster	RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	tsek-/tsaik-	vb	to form	LRC
	tseke	n	sculpture, molded figure	LRC
Tocharian B:	tsik-	vb	to form	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)