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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. dher-, dherə- 'dirt, dreg, some type of deposit'

Semantic Fields: Dirty, Soiled; Dust, Powder

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	derg	adj	red	RPN
Gaelic:	dorch	adj	dark, black	ASD
English
Old English:	dærste	n	dregs, lees	RPN
	deorc	adj	dark	W7
	dreflian	vb	to drivel	W7
	drōs	n	dregs	W7
	drōsne	n	dregs, dirt	RPN
Middle English:	derk	adj	dark	W7
	drabelen	vb	to drabble	W7
	dreg	n	dreg	W7
	drivelen	vb	to drivel	W7
	dros	n	dross	W7
	trachea	n	trachea	W7
English:	ataractic	n	tranquilizer drug	AHD/W7
	dark	adj	(partially) devoid of light	AHD/W7
	drab	n	dull gray/brown cloth	AHD/W7
	drabble	vb	to make/become wet/muddy	AHD/W7
	dreg	n	lees, sediment contained in/precipitated from liquid	AHD/W7
	drivel	vb	to slaver, dribble saliva from mouth	AHD/W7
	dross	n	scum formed on surface of molten metal	AHD/W7
	trachea	n	main trunk of lung passageway	AHD/W7
	trachoma	n	chronic contagious conjunctivitis	AHD/W7
	trachyte	n	light-colored volcanic rock	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	tarchannen	vb	to hide/conceal in dark	RPN
	trousana/trōsana/truosana	n	lees, dregs	RPN/ASD
Middle High German:	truosen	n.fem	barm, yeast	ASD
	verterken, vertirken	vb	to darken	RPN
German:	Dreck	n.masc	dirt	LRC
	Drusen	n.fem	dregs, sediment	ASD
	tarni/tarhnjan	adj	dark	ASD
	verdrecken	vb	to get dirty	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	draf	n	malt dregs	W7
	dregg	n	dregs, lees	W7
Icelandic:	dökkr	adj	dark	ASD
Italic
Latin:	fracēs	n	dregs of oil	RPN
Late Latin:	drappus	n.masc	cloth	W7
Medieval Latin:	trachea	n.fem	throat	W7
New Latin:	trachoma	n.fem	a chronic contagious conjunctivitis	W7
Middle French:	drap	n.masc	cloth	W7
French:	trachyte	n.masc	trachyte, a type of volcanic rock	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	dargà	n	dirt, filth	RPN
	dargùs	n	dirty, filthy	RPN
	dérgti	vb	to become dirty	RPN
	der̃kti	vb	to make dirty	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	artēria	n.fem	artery	W7
	ataraktos	adj	calm	W7
	ataraxia	n.fem	calmness	W7
	tarassein	vb	to bother, disturb, trouble	W7
	ταράσσω	vb	to trouble	LRC
	tracheia	adj.fem	rough	W7
	τρηχύς	adj	rough	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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