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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dhers- 'to dare, be bold'

Semantic Fields: to Dare; Brave, Courageous

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	durran, dearr, durron, dorste	vb.ptpr.III	to dare	LRC
Middle English:	dar	vb.1/3.sg	(I/he) dare(s)	W7
English:	dare	vb	to be sufficiently courageous	AHD/W7
	durst	vb.pret.arch	dared	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	thura, thur/dur, thuron, thorste	vb.ptpr	to dare	ASD
Old Saxon:	gi-durran, gi-dar, gi-dorsta	vb.ptpr	to dare	ASD
Old High German:	gitar	vb.1/3.sg	(I/he) dare(s)	W7
	turran, tar, turrumēs, torsta	vb.ptpr	to dare	ASD
Middle High German:	turren, tar, turen, torste	vb.ptpr	to dare	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	daursan, dars, daursum, daursta	vb.ptpr	to dare	ASD
Italic
Latin:	infestus	adj	hostile	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
3	=	3rd person
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
arch	=	archaic
pret	=	preterite (tense)
ptpr	=	preterite-present (verb)
sg	=	singular (number)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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