Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English
gloss; our Semantic Field
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical
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Pokorny Etymon: 4. dheu- 'to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, etc.'
Semantic Field: to Blow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||||||
| Old Irish: | dé | n | smoke | LRC | ||||
| dumacha | n | fog | RPN | |||||
| dūn | n | fortress | W7 | |||||
| Irish: | dūd | n.masc | stump, pipe; ear, mouth | W7/IED | ||||
| dūidīn | n.masc | short pipe; dram measure made of horn | W7/IED | |||||
| English | ||||||||
| Old English: | adūne | adj | down, downward | W7/ASD | ||||
| dēaf | adj | deaf | W7 | |||||
| dēor | n.neut | deer, (wild) animal | W7 | |||||
| dol | adj | foolish | W7/ASD | |||||
| dox | adj | dusk | W7 | |||||
| dūfe | n | dove | W7 | |||||
| dūn | n.fem | down, hill, mountain | W7 | |||||
| dūne | adv | down, downwards | W7/ASD | |||||
| dun(n) | adj/n | dun, dark brown | W7 | |||||
| dūst | n.neut | dust | W7 | |||||
| dwellan | vb | to go astray, hinder | W7 | |||||
| dysig | adj | stupid | W7 | |||||
| tūn | n.masc | town, village, enclosure | W7 | |||||
| wilddēoren | adj | of wild beasts | W7 | |||||
| Middle English: | deef | adj | deaf | W7 | ||||
| deer | n | (rein)deer | W7 | |||||
| disy | adj | dizzy | W7 | |||||
| dosk | n | dusk | W7 | |||||
| doun | n | hill | W7 | |||||
| dove | n | dove | W7 | |||||
| dul | adj | dull | W7 | |||||
| dumb | adj | dumb | W7 | |||||
| dun | adj | dun | W7 | |||||
| dust | n | dust | W7 | |||||
| dwellen | vb | to dwell | W7 | |||||
| fume | n | fume | W7 | |||||
| funeral | adj/n | funeral | W7 | |||||
| reindere | n | reindeer | W7 | |||||
| stove | n | stove | W7 | |||||
| stu | n | stew | W7 | |||||
| tanesey | n | tansy | W7 | |||||
| thyme | n | thyme | W7 | |||||
| town | n | town | W7 | |||||
| turrible | n | thurible | W7 | |||||
| wildern | adj | wild | W7 | |||||
| wilderness | n | wilderness | W7 | |||||
| English: | deaf | adj | lacking/deficient in sense of hearing | AHD/W7 | ||||
| deer | n | ruminant mammal | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dizzy | adj | silly, foolish | AHD/W7 | |||||
| doldrums | n | spell of despondence/listlessness | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dolt | n | stupid fellow | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dove | n | type of pigeon | AHD/W7 | |||||
| down | adv | toward/in low physical position | AHD/W7 | |||||
| down | n | soft fluffy feathers | AHD/W7 | |||||
| down | n | hill | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dudeen | n | short clay tobacco pipe | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dull | adj | stupid, mentally slow | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dumb | adj | destitute of speech | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dun | adj | re: dull drab dark-gray/brown color | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dune | n | wind-piled sand hill/ridge | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dusk | adj | twilight, gloom | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dust | n | fine dry pulverized dirt particles | AHD/W7 | |||||
| duvetyn | n | smooth lustrous velvety fabric | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dwell | vb.intrans | to remain for a while | AHD/W7 | |||||
| eiderdown | n | down of eider | AHD/W7 | |||||
| enthymeme | n | syllogism in which one premise is implicit | AHD/W7 | |||||
| euthanasia | n | painless putting to death | AHD/W7 | |||||
| fuliginous | adj | sooty | AHD/W7 | |||||
| fumarole | n | volcanic hole from which hot gases/vapors issue | AHD/W7 | |||||
| fume | n | gas, smoke, vapor | AHD/W7 | |||||
| funeral | adj/n | (re:) observances held for dead person | AHD/W7 | |||||
| fuscous | adj | re: brownish gray color | AHD/W7 | |||||
| obfuscate | vb.trans | to darken | AHD/W7 | |||||
| perfume | n | sweet-smelling scent | AHD/W7 | |||||
| reindeer | n | deer of northern Europe/Asia/America | AHD/W7 | |||||
| stew | n | utensil used for boiling | AHD/W7 | |||||
| stove | n | fixed/portable apparatus burning fuel to provide heat | AHD/W7 | |||||
| tansy | n | composite herb | AHD/W7 | |||||
| Thanatos | prop.n | god of peaceful/natural death (Greek mythology) | LRC | |||||
| thion- | pfx | sulfur | AHD/W7 | |||||
| thuja | n | evergreen shrub/tree of pine family | AHD/W7 | |||||
| thurible | n | censer | AHD/W7 | |||||
| thurifer | n | one who carries censer in liturgical service | AHD/W7 | |||||
| thyme | n | mint herb having small pungent aromatic leaves | AHD/W7 | |||||
| -thymia | n.sfx | condition of mind/will | AHD/W7 | |||||
| town | n | hamlet, distinct cluster/aggregation of houses with place-name | AHD/W7 | |||||
| typhus | n | human febrile disease | AHD/W7 | |||||
| wilderness | n | uncultivated uninhabited tract/region of land | AHD/W7 | |||||
| W-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old High German: | stuba | n | heated room, steam room | W7 | ||||
| tior | n | wild animal | W7 | |||||
| toum | n | steam, vapor | RPN | |||||
| toumen | vb | to be fragrant | W7 | |||||
| tūba | n | dove | W7 | |||||
| tumb | adj | dumb, mute | W7 | |||||
| tusig | adj | stupid | W7 | |||||
| twellen | vb | to tarry | W7 | |||||
| zūn | n | enclosure | W7 | |||||
| German: | Daune | n.fem | down (feathers) | W7 | ||||
| Eiderdaune | n.fem | eiderdown | W7 | |||||
| Middle Low German: | stove | n | heated room, steam room | W7 | ||||
| N-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old Norse: | daufr | adj | deaf | LRC | ||||
| deyja | vb | to die | W7 | |||||
| dul | n.fem | reserve, folly; conceit | LRC | |||||
| dulði/dylja | vb | to remain unaware of; (mid.) deceive oneself | LRC | |||||
| dūnn | n | down (feathers) | W7 | |||||
| dýr | n.neut | (wild) animal | LRC | |||||
| Old Icelandic: | daunn | n | stench, bad smell | RPN | ||||
| dýja | vb | to shake | RPN | |||||
| Icelandic: | dūnn | n | down | W7 | ||||
| E-Germanic | ||||||||
| Gothic: | dauns | n | smell, scent, fragrance | RPN | ||||
| Italic | ||||||||
| Latin: | fimus, fimi | n.masc | dung | LRC | ||||
| fuligo, fuliginis | n.fem | soot | W7 | |||||
| fumarium | n.neut | smoke chamber for aging wine | W7 | |||||
| fūmō, fūmāre | vb | to fume, reek, smoke | W7 | |||||
| fūmus | n.masc | fume, steam | RPN | |||||
| funeralis | adj | funeral | W7 | |||||
| funus, funeris | n.neut | funeral | W7 | |||||
| furo, furere | vb | to rage | W7 | |||||
| fuscus | adj | dark brown | W7 | |||||
| suffiō, suffīre | vb | to smoke, perfume, fumigate | LRC | |||||
| thuribulum | n.neut | censer | W7 | |||||
| thurifer | adj | incense-burning | W7 | |||||
| thus | n.neut | incense | W7 | |||||
| thymum | n.neut | thyme | W7 | |||||
| Vulgar Latin: | extufa | n.fem | steam, smoke | W7 | ||||
| extufo, extufāre | vb | to stew | W7 | |||||
| Late Latin: | fuliginosus | adj | covered with soot | W7 | ||||
| fumariolum | n.neut | smoke chamber for aging wine | W7 | |||||
| obfuscatus | vb.ptc | made murky | W7 | |||||
| obfusco, obfuscāre, obfuscāvī, obfuscātus | vb | to make murky | W7 | |||||
| Medieval Latin: | athanasia | n.fem | immortality | W7 | ||||
| thuia | n.fem | a cedar | W7 | |||||
| New Latin: | Thuja | n.fem | genus name | W7 | ||||
| thurifer | n.masc | one who carries a censer in a liturgical service | W7 | |||||
| -thymia | sfx | -thymia, of the heart | W7 | |||||
| typhus | n.masc | fever, disease | W7 | |||||
| Italian: | fumaròla | n.fem | fumarole | W7 | ||||
| Old French: | dum | n.masc | down | W7 | ||||
| tanesie | n.fem | tansy (genus of plants) | W7 | |||||
| Middle French: | duvet | n.masc | down | W7 | ||||
| estuve | n.fem | stew | W7 | |||||
| fum | n.masc | smoke | W7 | |||||
| perfum | n.masc | perfume | W7 | |||||
| thurible | n.masc | censer | W7 | |||||
| thym | n.masc | thyme | W7 | |||||
| French: | dune | n.fem | dune | W7 | ||||
| duvet | n.masc | down | W7 | |||||
| duvetine | n.fem | duvet, cloth made with duvet | W7 | |||||
| Old Provencal: | perfum | n.masc | perfume | W7 | ||||
| perfumar | vb | to perfume | W7 | |||||
| Baltic | ||||||||
| Old Prussian: | dumis | n | smoke | RPN | ||||
| Lithuanian: | dujà | n | dust, drizzle, (pl.) gas | RPN | ||||
| dū́mai | n | smoke | RPN | |||||
| Latvian: | dūlāgs | n.masc | smoke stick | LRC | ||||
| dūms | n.masc | smoke | LRC | |||||
| Slavic | ||||||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dunǫti | vb | to blow | LRC | ||||
| dymъ | n | smoke | RPN | |||||
| Old Russian: | dymŭ | n | smoke | LRC | ||||
| Albanian | ||||||||
| Albanian: | dêj | vb | to be intoxicated | LRC | ||||
| Hellenic | ||||||||
| Greek: | athanasia | n.fem | immortality | W7 | ||||
| ἀθάνατος | adj | immortal | LRC | |||||
| athanatos | adj | immortal | W7 | |||||
| enthymeisthai | vb | to keep in mind | W7 | |||||
| enthymēma | n.neut | a thought | W7 | |||||
| euthanasia | n.fem | easy death, favored death | W7 | |||||
| Thanatos | n.masc | Thanatos | W7 | |||||
| thanatos | n.masc | death | W7 | |||||
| theion | adj.neut | divine | W7 | |||||
| θνήσκω | vb | to die | LRC | |||||
| thyein | vb | to sacrifice, make a burnt offering | W7 | |||||
| thyia | n.fem | cedar tree | W7 | |||||
| -thymia | afx | heart | W7 | |||||
| θυμιάω | vb | to burn with smoke | LRC | |||||
| thymon | n.neut | thyme | W7 | |||||
| θυμός | n.masc | soul, spirit; heart, mind | LRC | |||||
| θῡ́νω | vb | to rush, dart along | RPN | |||||
| θύος | n | incense, sacrifice | RPN | |||||
| τύφειν | vb | to smoke, raise dust | RPN | |||||
| typhlos | adj | blind | W7 | |||||
| typhos | n.masc | fever | W7 | |||||
| Anatolian | ||||||||
| Hittite: | túh̯-h̯u-iš | n | smoke, vapor | RPN | ||||
| Armenian | ||||||||
| Armenian: | dedevim | vb | to wave, sway | LRC | ||||
| Indic | ||||||||
| Sanskrit: | adhvanīt | vb.pret | it vanished | W7 | ||||
| dhū́ka-ḥ | n | wind | RPN | |||||
| dhūnóti | vb | to shake, agitate | RPN | |||||
| dhūpa-ḥ | n | incense | RPN | |||||
| dhūmá-ḥ | n | smoke, mist, vapor | RPN | |||||
| dhūli-ḥ | n | dust, powder, pollen | RPN | |||||
| dhvamsati | vb | to perish | W7 | |||||
| Tocharian | ||||||||
| Tocharian A: | twe | n | dust, vapor | RPN | ||||
| Tocharian B: | tweye | n | dust, vapor | RPN | ||||
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| afx | = | affix |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |