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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. dheu-, dheu̯ə-, presumably dhu̯ē-, compare suffixes dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s- 'to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, etc.'

Semantic Field: to Blow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	dé	n	smoke	LRC
	dumacha	n	fog	GED/RPN
	dūn	n	fortress	W7
Irish:	dunn	adj	dun	ASD
	dūd	n.masc	stump, pipe; ear, mouth	W7/IED
	dūidīn	n.masc	short pipe; dram measure made of horn	W7/IED
Gaelic:	donn	adj	dun, brown	ASD
Cornish:	din/dun	n.fem	hill	ASD
Welsh:	dun/dwn	adj	dusky, swarthy	ASD
English
Old English:	adūn(e)	adj/adv	down, downward	W7/ASD
	dēaf	adj	deaf	GED
	dēafu	n.str.fem	deafness	GED
	dēag/dēah	n.fem	dye	IEW/W7
	dēagan, dēog, dēogon, dēagen	vb.str	to dye	ASD
	dēagian	vb.wk	to dye	IEW/ASD
	dēagol/dī(o)gol/dȳgol	adj	secret, hidden, private	IEW/ASD
	*dēan	n	vapor	GED
	dēor/dīor	adj/n.neut	(brave as) deer, wild beast/animal	ASD
	dofian	vb	to be insane	GED
	dol	adj	foolish	W7/ASD
	dox	adj	dusk	W7
	dūfe	n	dove	W7
	dūn	n.fem	down, hill, mountain	W7
	dūne	adv	down, downwards	W7/ASD
	dūn-land	n.neut	hilly land, lit. down-land	ASD
	dun(n)	adj/n	dun, dark brown	W7
	dūst	n.neut	dust	W7
	dwalian/dwoli(g)an	vb.wk	to err, hinder, go astray	ASD
	dwellan/dwe(o)ligan	vb.wk	to err, hinder, go astray	ASD
	dysig	adj	stupid	W7
	stē(a)m/stīem	n.masc	steam, hot breath/exhalation	KEW/ASD
	tūn	n.masc	town, village; yard, court, enclosure	W7
	wild-dēoren	adj	re: wild beasts	W7
Middle English:	deef	adj	deaf	W7
	deer	n	(rein)deer	W7
	dehe	n	dye	W7
	disy	adj	dizzy	W7
	dosk	n	dusk	W7
	doun	n	hill	W7
	dove	n	dove	W7
	dul	adj	dull	W7
	dumb	adj	dumb	W7
	dun	adj	dun	W7
	dust	n	dust	W7
	dwellen	vb	to dwell	W7
	fume	n	fume	W7
	funeral	adj/n	funeral	W7
	reindere	n	reindeer	W7
	stem	n	steam	W7
	stove	n	stove	W7
	stu	n	stew	W7
	tanesey	n	tansy	W7
	thyme	n	thyme	W7
	town	n	town	W7
	turrible	n	thurible	W7
	wildern	adj	wild	W7
	wilderness	n	wilderness	W7
English:	Barrow-downs	prop.n	Shire area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	deaf	adj	lacking/deficient in sense of hearing	AHD/W7
	Déagol	prop.n	Smeagol's cousin in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	deer	n	ruminant mammal	AHD/W7
	Déor	prop.n	7th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Déorwine	prop.n	Rohan knight in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	dizzy	adj	silly, foolish	AHD/W7
	dock	n	sorrel, coarse weedy plant	AHD
	dodder	n	flax silk	IEW
	dodder	vb	to shake, shiver, tremble, totter	IEW
	doldrums	n	spell of despondence/listlessness	AHD/W7
	dolt	n	stupid fellow	AHD/W7
	dove	n	type of pigeon	AHD/W7
	down	adv	toward/in low physical position	AHD/W7
	down	n	soft fluffy feathers	AHD/W7
	down	n	hill, mountain	AHD/W7
	dudeen	n	short clay tobacco pipe	AHD/W7
	Dukhobor	prop.n	(member of) Russian Christian movement	AHD
	dull	adj	stupid, mentally slow	AHD/W7
	dumb	adj	destitute of speech	AHD/W7
	dummkopf	n	dolt, stupid person	AHD
	dun	adj	re: dull drab dark-gray/brown color	AHD/W7
	Duncan	prop.n	male given name	AHD
	dune	n	wind-piled sand hill/ridge	AHD/W7
	Dúnharg/Dunharrow	prop.n	Rohan refuge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Dúnhere	prop.n	lord of Harrowdale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Dunland	prop.n	hilly area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	dusk	adj	gloom, twilight	AHD/W7
	dust	n	fine dry pulverized dirt particles	AHD/W7
	duvet	n	down-stuffed quilt/comforter	AHD/CDC
	duvetyn	n	smooth lustrous velvety fabric	AHD/W7
	Dwalin	prop.n	dwarf in Tolkien: The Hobbit	LRC
	Dwaling	prop.n	distant hobbit town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	dwell, dwelt	vb.wk.intrans	to remain for a while	AHD/W7
	dye	n	tint, color	W7
	dye	vb	to impart new tint/color	IEW
	eiderdown	n	down of eider	AHD/W7
	enthymeme	n	syllogism in which one premise is implicit	AHD/W7
	etouffee	n	spiced Cajun stew similar to gumbo	AHD
	euthanasia	n	painless putting to death	AHD/W7
	Frogmorton	prop.n	Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	fuliginous	adj	sooty	AHD/W7
	fumarole	n	volcanic hole from which hot gases/vapors issue	AHD/W7
	fumatorium	n	airtight fumigation chamber	AHD
	fumatory	adj	re: smoke/fumigation	AHD
	fume	n	gas, smoke, vapor	AHD/W7
	funeral	adj/n	(re:) observances held for dead person	AHD/W7
	funky	adj	having moldy/musty smell	AHD
	fuscous	adj	re: brownish gray color	AHD/W7
	Hobbiton	prop.n	Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Lake-town	prop.n	a.k.a. Esgaroth in Tolkien: The Hobbit	LRC
	obfuscate	vb.trans	to darken	AHD/W7
	perfume	n	sweet-smelling scent	AHD/W7
	reindeer	n	deer of northern Europe/Asia/America	AHD/W7
	sfumato	adj	smoked, misty, indistinct	AHD
	steam	n	vapor rising from heated substance	W7
	stew	n	utensil used for boiling	AHD/W7
	stove	n	fixed/portable apparatus burning fuel to provide heat	AHD/W7
	subfusc	adj	dull, dark, somber	AHD
	tansy	n	composite herb	AHD/W7
	thanatology	n	study of death/dying	AHD
	Thanatos	prop.n	god of peaceful/natural death (Greek mythology)	LRC
	thion-	pfx	sulfur	AHD/W7
	thuja	n	evergreen shrub/tree of pine family	AHD/W7
	thurible	n	censer	AHD/W7
	thurifer	n	one who carries censer in liturgical service	AHD/W7
	thyme	n	mint herb having small pungent aromatic leaves	AHD/W7
	-thymia	n.sfx	condition of mind/will	AHD/W7
	town	n	hamlet, distinct cluster/aggregation of houses with place-name	AHD/W7
	typhlosole	n	longitudinal fold of intestinal wall	AHD
	typhus	n	human febrile disease	AHD/W7
	Wilderland	prop.n	wilderness area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	wilderness	n	uncultivated uninhabited tract/region of land	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	dāf	adj	deaf, senseless, unfeeling	GED
	diar/dier	n.neut	deer, wild animal	ASD
	dwela/dwila	vb	to err	ASD
	tūn	n.masc	fence	ASD
Frisian:	dol	adj	mad	ASD
	dwæljen/dwyljen	vb	to err	ASD
Middle Dutch:	doom	n	steam, vapor	GED
Dutch:	dier	n.neut	deer, wild animal	ASD
	dof	adj	dull, lusterless	GED
	dok	n	dock	TLL
	dol	adj	insane	ASD
	doof	adj	deaf	ASD
	duif	n	dove	TLL
	duin	n.masc	down, hill, mountain	ASD
	dwālen	vb	to err	ASD
	stoom	n	steam	TLL
	tuin	n.masc	fence; garden	ASD
Old Saxon:	dier	n.neut	deer, wild animal	ASD
	dol	adj	foolish	ASD
	dōmian	vb.wk	to steam	GED
	douf	adj	deaf	ASD
	dovōn	vb	to be insane	GED
	duelan	vb	to err	ASD
	dununga	n.str.fem	raving	GED
Old Low German:	tūn	n.masc	wall	ASD
Middle Low German:	dōf	adj	deaf, senseless, unfeeling	GED
	stove	n	heated room, steam room	W7
Old High German:	dūn(a)	n	mountain	ASD
	stuba	n	steam room, heated room	W7
	tior/tier	n.neut	wild animal	W7/ASD
	tobēn/tobōn	vb	to rave	GED
	tol	adj	foolish	ASD
	toub/toup/doup	adj	deaf, senseless, unfeeling	GED/ASD
	tougal	adj	dark, secret, hidden	ASD
	toum	n.str.masc	steam, vapor	GED/RPN
	toumen	vb	to be fragrant	W7
	tūba	n	dove	W7
	tumb	adj	dumb, mute	W7
	tūmōn	vb.wk	to turn in a circle	GED
	tump	adj	dumb, deaf	GED
	tusig	adj	stupid	W7
	twellen	vb	to dwell, tarry	W7
	zūn	n.masc	wall, fence, hedge, enclosure	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	dol/tol	adj	mad	ASD
	tier	n.neut	deer, wild animal	ASD
	tob/top	adj	without understanding	GED
	touben	vb.wk	to stun, deafen	GED
	toup	adj	deaf	ASD
German:	Daune	n.fem	down (feathers)	W7
	Dock	n	dock	TLL
	doof	adj	dopey, silly	LRC
	dumm	adj	dumb, dull, slow, stupid	LRC
	Dummkopf	n.masc	dummkopf, blockhead, simpleton	LRC
	Düne	n.fem	down, hill, mountain	ASD
	Eiderdaune	n.fem	eiderdown	W7
	Stube	n.fem	living room	LRC
	taub	adj	deaf	ASD
	Taube	n	dove	TLL
	T(h)ier	n.neut	animal	ASD
	toll	adj	mad	ASD
	Zaun	n.masc	fence, hedge	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	daufr	adj	deaf	LRC
	deyja	vb	to die	W7
	dul	n.fem	reserve, folly; conceit	LRC
	dulði/dylja	vb	to remain unaware of; (mid.) deceive oneself	LRC
	dúfa	n	dove	KNW
	dūnn	n	down (feathers)	W7
	Dvalinn	prop.n.masc	Dvalin/Dwalin (Voluspa dwarf)	TPE
	dvalinn	n.masc	sleeper, hesitant/unconscious one	LRC
	dýr	n.neut	(wild) animal	LRC
Old Icelandic:	daufr	adj	deaf, lazy	GED
	daunn	n	stench, bad smell	GED/RPN
	deyfa	vb.wk	to stun, deafen	GED
	deyfþ	n.str.fem	deafness	GED
	dofinn	vb.past.ptc	dull, spiritless	GED
	dvala, dvalað	vb	to dwell, delay, hesitate	ICE
	dȳja	vb.wk	to move, shake	GED/RPN
Icelandic:	daufr	adj	deaf	ASD
	dulr	adj	silent, close	ASD
	dūnn	n	down	W7
	dȳr	n.neut	deer, wild animal	ASD
	tun	n.masc	homestead, enclosure	ASD
Norwegian:	tun	n.masc	court, farmyard	ASD
Danish:	dok	n	dock	TLL
	due	n	dove	TLL
	dyr	n.neut	deer, wild animal	ASD
	döv	adj	deaf	ASD
Swedish:	djur	n.neut	deer, wild animal	ASD
	docka	n	dock	TLL
	duva	n	dove	TLL
	döf	adj	deaf	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*daufs/daubs	adj	deaf, stubborn	GED/ASD
	dauns	n.fem	smell, scent, fragrance, sense of smell	GED/RPN
	dius	n.neut	deer, wild animal	ASD
	dumbs	adj	dumb, deaf	GED
	dwals	adj	dull	ASD
	hraiwa-dubō	n	turtle-dove	GED
Italic
Latin:	fimus, fimi	n.masc	dung	LRC
	fuligo, fuliginis	n.fem	soot	W7
	fumarium	n.neut	smoke chamber for aging wine	W7
	fūmō, fūmāre	vb	to fume, reek, smoke	W7
	fūmus	n.masc	fume, smoke, steam	GED/RPN
	funeralis	adj	funeral	W7
	funus, funeris	n.neut	funeral	W7
	furo, furere	vb	to rage	W7
	fuscus	adj	dark brown	W7
	subfuscus	adj	subfusc, brownish	AHD
	suffiō, suffīre	vb	to smoke, perfume, fumigate	GED
	thuribulum	n.neut	censer	W7
	thurifer	adj	incense-burning	W7
	thus	n.neut	incense	W7
	thymum	n.neut	thyme	W7
Vulgar Latin:	extufa	n.fem	steam, smoke	W7
	extufo, extufāre	vb	to stew	W7
Late Latin:	fuliginosus	adj	covered with soot	W7
	fumariolum	n.neut	smoke chamber for aging wine	W7
	obfuscatus	vb.ptc	made murky	W7
	obfusco, obfuscāre, obfuscāvī, obfuscātus	vb	to make murky	W7
Medieval Latin:	athanasia	n.fem	immortality	W7
	thuia	n.fem	a cedar	W7
New Latin:	Thuja	n.fem	genus name	W7
	thurifer	n.masc	one who carries a censer in a liturgical service	W7
	-thymia	sfx	-thymia; re: heart	W7
	typhus	n.masc	fever, disease	W7
Portuguese:	fumo	n	fume	TLL
Spanish:	dúnas	n.pl	downs, hills, mountains	ASD
	humo	n	fume	TLL
Old French:	dum	n.masc	down	W7
	tanesie	n.fem	tansy (plant genus)	W7
Middle French:	duvet	n.masc	down	W7
	estuve	n.fem	stew	W7
	fum	n.masc	smoke	W7
	perfum	n.masc	perfume	W7
	thurible	n.masc	censer	W7
	thym	n.masc	thyme	W7
French:	dune	n.fem	dune	W7
	duvet	n.masc	down	W7
	duvetine	n.fem	duvet, cloth made with duvet	W7
	fumée	n	fume	TLL
Cajun French:	étouffée	n	etouffee	LRC
Old Provençal:	perfum	n.masc	perfume	W7
	perfumar	vb	to perfume	W7
Provençal:	dauf	adj	deaf	GED
Italian:	dúna	n.fem	elevation of sand thrown up by the sea	ASD
	fumaròla	n.fem	fumarole	W7
	fumo	n	fume	TLL
	sfumato	adj	sfumato	AHD
Baltic
Old Prussian:	dumis	n	smoke	GED/RPN
Lithuanian:	dujà	n	dust, spray, drizzle; [pl.] gas	GED/RPN
	dujóti	vb	to sprinkle	GED
	dúmai	n.pl	smoke	GED/RPN
Latvian:	dũmals	adj	dark-brown	GED
	dūlāgs	n.masc	smoke stick	LRC
	dūms	n.masc	smoke	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	dunǫti	vb	to blow	LRC
	dymъ	n	smoke	GED/RPN
Old Russian:	dymŭ	n	smoke	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	deh	vb	to intoxicate	GED
	dêj	vb	to be intoxicated	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	athanasia	n.fem	immortality	W7
	ἀθάνατος	adj	immortal	LRC
	athanatos	adj	immortal	W7
	enthymeisthai	vb	to keep in mind	W7
	enthymēma	n.neut	a thought	W7
	euthanasia	n.fem	easy death, favored death	W7
	Thanatos	n.masc	Thanatos	W7
	thanatos	n.masc	death	W7
	theion	adj.neut	divine	W7
	θνήσκω	vb	to die	LRC
	thyia	n.fem	cedar tree	W7
	θυμιάω	vb	to burn with smoke	LRC
	θύμον/θύμος	n.neut	thyme	LRC
	θῡμός	n.masc	soul, spirit; heart, mind; passion, courage	LRC
	θῡ́νω	vb	to rush, dart along	RPN
	θύος	n	incense, sacrifice	RPN
	θύω	vb	to sacrifice, make a burnt offering	GED
	τύφειν	vb	to smoke, raise dust	RPN
	τυφλός	adj	blind, unable to perceive	GED
	τῦφος	n.masc	smoke, vapor; conceit, vanity	GED
Anatolian
Hittite:	túh̯-h̯u-iš	n	smoke, vapor	RPN
Armenian
Armenian:	dedevim	vb	to wave, sway	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	dunman-	n	cloud	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	adhvanīt	vb.pret	it vanished	W7
	dhū́ka-ḥ	n	wind	RPN
	dhūnóti	vb	to shake, agitate	GED/RPN
	dhūpa-ḥ	n	incense	RPN
	dhūmá-ḥ	n	smoke, mist, vapor	RPN
	dhūli-ḥ	n	dust, powder, pollen	RPN
	dhvamsati	vb	to perish	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	tweye	n	dust, vapor	RPN
Tocharian A:	twe(ye)	n	dust, vapor	GED/RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
past	=	past (tense)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
pret	=	preterite (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
IED	=	Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KEW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
TPE	=	Lee M. Hollander: The Poetic Edda (1962)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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