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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dheugh- 'to milk, press, touch'

Semantic Fields: to Milk; to Press; to Touch

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	dohtig	adj	doughty	W7
Middle English:	doughty	adj	doughty	W7
English:	doughty	adj	valiant, able	AHD/W7
	Heptateuch	prop.n	first 7 books of Hebrew Bible, lit. seven containers	LRC
	Hexateuch	prop.n	first 6 books of Hebrew Bible, lit. six containers	LRC
	Pentateuch	prop.n	first 5 books of Hebrew Bible, lit. five containers	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	duga	vb	to help, give aid, be of assistance	LRC
Italic
Late Latin:	heptateuchos	n.masc	collection of seven holy books	W7
	Pentateuchus	n.masc	collection of the five books of Moses	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	daũg	adv	many, much	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	heptateuchos	n.masc	seven holy books	W7
	Pentateuchos	n.masc	five books of Moses	W7
	τεύχειν	vb	to make (ready)	LRC
	teuchos	n.masc	book	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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