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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dhu̯ē̆r- 'door'

Semantic Field: Door, Gate

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	dorus	n	door	LRC
English
Old English:	dor	n	gate	W7
	duru	n.fem	door	LRC
Middle English:	dor	n	door	W7
	dure	n	door	W7
	forclosen	vb	to foreclose	W7
	forein	adj	foreign	W7
	forest	n	forest	W7
English:	afforest	vb.trans	to establish forest cover	AHD/W7
	door	n	swinging/sliding barrier by which entry is opened/closed	AHD/W7
	durbar	n	court held by native Indian prince	AHD/W7
	farouche	adj	marked by shyness/lack of polish	AHD/W7
	foreclose	vb	to debar, shut out	AHD/W7
	foreign	adj	located outside area/country	AHD/W7
	forensic	adj	used in/suitable to/belonging to court	AHD/W7
	forest	n	tract of wooded land	AHD/W7
	forum	n	public/market-place of ancient Roman city used for judicial/public business	AHD/W7
	thyroid	adj	re: large endocrine gland in craniate vertebrates	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	tor	n	gate	LRC
	turi	n	door	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	dyrr	n.fem	door, doorway	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	daúr	n.str.fem	door(way)	LRC
Italic
Latin:	foras	adv	forth, out, outdoors	LRC
	forensis	adj	public, forensic	W7
	foris, foris	n.fem	door	W7
	forīs	adv	outside	W7
	forum	n.neut	public place	W7
Late Latin:	foranus	adj	(on the) outside	W7
	forasticus	adj	belonging outside	W7
Medieval Latin:	afforesto, afforestare	vb	to plant a forest	W7
	forestis	n.fem	forest	W7
Old French:	forclore, forclos-	vb	to lock outside	W7
	forein	adj	foreign	W7
	fors	adv	outside	W7
French:	farouche	adj	beast afraid of mankind	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	dùrys	n	door	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	dvĭrĭ	n	door	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	θύρα	n.fem	door	LRC
Greek:	thyreoeidēs	adj	shield-shaped, thyroid	W7
	thyreos	n.masc	door-shaped shield	W7
Armenian
Armenian:	durn	n	door	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	dvar̥m	n	gate, yard	LRC
Persian:	dar	n	door	W7
	darbār	n	court held by prince	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	dvā́r-	n	door	LRC
Hindi:	darbār	n	court held by prince	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	twere	n	door	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)