The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī- (demonstrative particle: one, this, etc.)

Semantic Field: One

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	begeondan/beiundan	adv/prep	beyond	W7/ASD
	gēa	adv	yea	W7
	gēo/gīo/gū	adv	already	GED
	geon	adj	yon	W7
	geond	adv	yond	W7
	geondan	adv	beyond	W7
	gi(e)f/gyf/gib	conj	if	GED/ASD
	gīet	adv	yet	W7
	ilca	adj/pron	(the) same	ASD
	nefne/næfne/nemne	conj	except, unless, if not	GED/ASD
Middle English:	beyond	adv	beyond	W7
	-er	adv.sfx	more/greater	W7
	hither	adv	yonder	W7
	if	conj	if	W7
	ilk	n/pron	ilk; same	AHD
	item	adv	item, in addition, also	W7
	ya/ye	adv	yea, yes	W7
	yet	adv	yet	W7
	yon	adj	yon, yonder	W7
	yond	adv	yonder	W7
	yonder	adv	yonder	W7
English:	beyond	adv	farther, on/to far side	AHD/W7
	ibidem	adv	in the same place	AHD
	-id	sfx	secondary allergic skin rash	AHD/W7
	id	n	source of organism's energy from which ego/libido are derived	AHD/W7
	id	n	secondary allergic skin rash	AHD/W7
	idem	pron	same, previously mentioned	AHD/W7
	identical	adj	being the same	AHD/W7
	identify	vb	to establish identity	AHD
	identity	n	sameness of character in different instances	AHD/W7
	if	conj	in the event that	AHD/W7
	ilk	n	type, kind	AHD
	item	adv	also, in addition	AHD/W7
	iterate	vb.trans	to repeat	AHD/W7
	reiterate	vb.trans	to do/say again/repeatedly	AHD/W7
	yea	adv	yes	AHD/W7
	yet	adv	besides, in addition	AHD/W7
	yon	adj	yonder	AHD/W7
	yond	adv	yonder	AHD/W7
	yonder	adv	at/in a more/less distant place	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	ie/ge	adv	yea	ASD
	ieta	adv	yet	W7
	jef/jof	conj	if	GED
Frisian:	ja	adv	yea	ASD
Dutch:	ja	adv	yea	ASD
	of	conj	or, either, whether	TLL
	ofschoon	conj	although	TLL
Old Saxon:	ef	conj	if	GED
	giu/ju	adv	already	GED
	jā	adv	yea	ASD
Old High German:	giu/ju	adv	already	GED
	ienēr	dem.adj	that	W7
	jā	adv	yes	W7
Middle High German:	jā	adv	yea	ASD
German:	er	pron.3.sg.masc.nom	he, it	TLL
	es	pron.3.sg.neut.nom/acc	her	TLL
	ihm	pron.3.sg.masc/neut.dat	him	TLL
	ihn	pron.3.sg.masc.acc	him	TLL
	Ihnen	pron.2.sg/pl.dat	you (polite)	TLL
	ihnen	pron.3.pl.dat	them	TLL
	ihr	pron.3.pl.gen	their	TLL
	ihr	pron.3.sg.fem.dat	her	TLL
	ihr	pron.3.sg.fem.gen	her	TLL
	ja	adv	yea	ASD
	ob	conj	if, whether	TLL
	obgleich	conj	although	TLL
	obschon	conj	although	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ef	conj	if, lest, whether	LRC
	er	rel.pcl	who, which; when	LRC
Old Icelandic:	ef/if	n.str.neut	doubt	GED
	efa	vb.wk	to doubt	GED
Icelandic:	jā	adv	yea, yes	ASD
Danish:	ja/jo	adv	yea	ASD
Swedish:	ja/jo	adv	yea	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	is	pers.pron	he, she, it	LRC
	ita	pron.3.sg	it	LRC
	jaind	adv	yond, there	ASD
	ju	adv	now, already	GED
	juþan	adv	already	GED
	saei	rel.pron	(he) who, which	LRC
	þáu	adv	then, in that case	LRC
	ya(i)	adv	yea	ASD
Crimean Gothic:	ies	pers.pron	he	CGo
	ita	nbr.card	one (1)	CGo
	*þiinita/thiin-ita	nbr.card	eleven (10 + 1)	GED
Italic
Oscan:	eíseís	pron	he	RPN
Umbrian:	ere	pers.pron	he, it	RPN
	erek, eřek	pron	he, it	RPN
	erse	pron	he, it	RPN
Latin:	iam	adv	already	LRC
	ibi	adv	there, then	LRC
	ibīdem	adv	ibidem	AHD/ELD
	-id	n.sfx	(patronymic)	W7
	id	pron.neut	it	W7
	idem	pron	the same	W7
	ipse, ipsa, ipsum	inten.pron	self	LRC
	is, ea, id	dem.pron	him, her, this	LRC
	-is	n.sfx.fem	(patronymic)	W7
	ita	adv	thus	LRC
	itaque	adv	and also	LRC
	item	adv	also, the same way	LRC
	itero, iterare, iteravi, iteratus	vb	to repeat, do again	W7
	iterum	adv	again	W7
	reitero, reiterare, reiteravi, reiteratus	vb	to repeat	W7
Late Latin:	identitas, identitatis	n.fem	identity	W7
Medieval Latin:	identicus	adj	identical	W7
French:	-ide	sfx	likeness	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	jaũ	adv	just, already	GED
	jéi	conj	if	GED
	jìs, jì	pron	he, she, it	LRC
	õ	conj	and, but	LRC
Latvian:	arvien	adv	all the time, the whole time	LRC
	ja	conj	if	GED
	jàu	adv	already	GED
	vienlīdzīgi	adv	equally	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	eterъ	adj	one, a certain	LRC
	*i	dem.pron	he	LRC
	i	adv/conj	and, even	LRC
	iže	rel.pron	who, which	LRC
	inъ	dem.adj	this, this one here	LRC
	kъde	int.adv	when, where	LRC
	sьde	adv	here	LRC
	u(že)	adv	already	GED
	ju(že)	adv	already	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	εἰ	conj	if	LRC
	ἐκεῖ	adv	there	LRC
	ἐκεῖνος	dem.pron	that	LRC
	enē	adj	of the day/year before	W7
	ἔνθα	adv	then, there	LRC
	ἐπεάν	conj	when, after	LRC
	ἐπεί	conj	when, after	LRC
	ἐπειδή	conj	after	LRC
	ἔπειτα	adv	thereupon	LRC
	ἕως	conj	until	LRC
	ἠδέ	conj	and, also	LRC
	μιν	pron	it	LRC
	οἶον	adv	so to say	LRC
	οἶος	adj	alone	LRC
	ὅς	pron.dem/poss/rel	this, that, he, she, it	LRC
	ὡς	adv/conj	so, as, thus	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ayn	pron	that (over there); he, she, it	LRC
	ays	dem.adj/pron	this, this right here	LRC
	etʿe	conj	that; if; or	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	aēša-	pron	this	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	itara	n	the other	W7
	iti	conj	thus	W7
	eṣá-ḥ	pron	this	RPN
	yád	conj	if	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
2	=	2nd person
3	=	3rd person
acc	=	accusative (case)
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
card	=	cardinal
conj	=	conjunction
dat	=	dative (case)
dem	=	demonstrative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
gen	=	genitive (case)
int	=	interrogative (mood)
inten	=	intensive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
nom	=	nominative (case)
pcl	=	particle
pers	=	personal
pl	=	plural (number)
poss	=	possessive (case)
prep	=	preposition
pron	=	pronoun
rel	=	relative
sfx	=	suffix
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next