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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ed- 'to eat'

Semantic Field: to Eat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	dant	n	tooth	GED
	esu	vb	to eat	LRC
Old Irish:	dēt	n	tooth	GED
English
Old English:	etan	vb	to eat	W7
	ettan, ettede, etted	vb.wk.I	to graze, pasture	LRC
	fretan	vb	to devour	W7
	tang	n	tongs	GED
	tōþ, tēþ	n	tooth, teeth	GED
	tūsc/tūx	n	tush, tusk	GED
Middle English:	denticle	n	denticle	W7
	eten	vb	to eat	W7
	freten	vb	to devour, fret	W7
	indenten	vb	to indent	W7
	tooth	n	tooth	W7
	tusche	n	tush	AHD
	tusk, tux	n	tusk(s)	W7
English:	anodyne	adj	soothing, serving to assuage pain	AHD/W7
	ceratodus	n	recent/fossil dipnoan fish	AHD/W7
	comedo	n	blackhead	AHD/W7
	comestible	adj	edible	AHD/W7
	dental	adj	re: teeth/dentistry	AHD/W7
	dentate	adj	having teeth/pointed conical projections	AHD/W7
	denticle	n	small tooth/other conical pointed projection	AHD/W7
	dentist	n	one who treats teeth and associated tissues	AHD/W7
	eat	vb	to ingest, chew, and swallow as food	AHD/W7
	edacious	adj	re: eating	AHD/W7
	edentate	adj	lacking teeth	AHD/W7
	edentulous	adj	toothless	AHD/W7
	edible	adj	eatable, fit to be eaten	AHD/W7
	escarole	n	endive	AHD/W7
	esculent	adj	edible	AHD/W7
	esurient	adj	greedy, hungry	AHD/W7
	etch	vb	to draw/write esp. on metal/glass by corrosive acidic action	AHD/W7
	fret	vb.trans	to vex, cause suffering via emotional strain	AHD/W7
	indent	vb	to cut/divide a document to produce irregular pieces that can be matched	AHD/W7
	mastodon	n	extinct giant mammal akin to elephant	AHD/W7
	obese	adj	corpulent, excessively fat	AHD/W7
	-odont	adj	having teeth of (some specified) nature	AHD/W7
	Samoyed	prop.n	person, or breed of dog, from Siberian Urals	LRC
	tine	n	prong, tooth	GED
	tooth	n	hard bony appendage on vertebrate's jaw used to masticate food	AHD/W7
	trident	adj	having 3 teeth/points/processes	AHD/W7
	trident	n	3-pronged spear associated with sea god in classical mythology	AHD/W7
	tush	n	tusk, tooth	AHD
	tusk	n	elongated, greatly enlarged tooth projecting from mouth even when closed	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	azzen	vb	to feed	W7
	ezzan	vb	to eat	W7
	frezzan	vb	to devour	W7
	zand, zan(t)	n	tooth	W7
	zanga	n.wk.fem	tongs	GED
	zinna	n.wk.fem	pinnacle	GED
Middle High German:	zint	n.str.masc	prong, tooth	GED
German:	ätzen	vb	to feed	W7
Old Saxon:	tand	n	tooth	GED
Middle Low German:	tind	n	prong, tooth	GED
	tinne	n	pinnacle	GED
Dutch:	etsen	vb	to etch	W7
Old Frisian:	tōth	n	tooth	GED
	tusk	n.masc	tusk	GED
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	jǫtunn	n.masc	giant	LRC
	tǫnn, pl. teðr	n.fem	tooth	LRC
Old Icelandic:	tindr	n	tip, tooth on a wheel	GED
	tǫng	n	tongs	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	fra-atjan	vb.wk.I	to give as food	GED
	fra-itan	vb.str.IV	to devour	GED
	itan	vb	to eat	LRC
	*tunþus	n.masc	tooth	GED
	uz-ēta	n.wk.masc	crib, manger	GED
Italic
Latin:	comedo, comedere, comedi, comestus	vb	to eat, consume	W7
	comedo	n.masc	glutton	W7
	dens, dentis	n.masc	tooth	GED
	dentalis	adj	of the teeth	W7
	dentatus	adj	dentate, who has teeth	W7
	denticulus	n.masc	small teeth	W7
	edax, edacis	adj	edacious, glutton	W7
	edento, edentāre, edentāvī, edentātus	vb	to make toothless	W7
	edentulus	adj	having lost the teeth (diminutive)	W7
	edō, edere	vb	to eat	W7
	esca	n.fem	food	W7
	escarius	adj	of food	W7
	esculentus	adj	edible	W7
	esuriens, esurientis	vb.ptc	being hungry	W7
	esurio, esurire	vb	to be hungry	W7
	obedo, obedere, obēdī, obēsus	vb	to eat up	W7
	tridens, tridentis	adj	having three teeth	W7
Late Latin:	edibilis	adj	edible	W7
	escariola	n.fem	food	W7
Medieval Latin:	comestibilis	adj	edible	W7
New Latin:	ceratodus	adj	animal with horns	W7
	comedo	n.masc	blackhead	W7
	mastodon, mastodontis	n.neut	very large beast	W7
Old French:	dent	n.fem	tooth	W7
	endenter	vb	to grow the teeth	W7
Middle French:	comestible	adj	edible	W7
	endenter	vb	to grow the teeth	W7
French:	dent	n.fem	tooth	W7
	dentiste	n.masc	dentist	W7
	escarole	n.fem	a type of chicory	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	dantìs	n	tooth	GED
	edu	vb	to eat	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	jasli	n.fem	(plural form for singular meaning) manger	LRC
Russian:	samoed	n	Samoyed	W7
Hellenic
Aeolic:	ἔ-δοντες	n.pl	teeth	GED
Ionic:	ὀ-δών	n.masc	tooth	GED
Homeric Greek:	ὀδάξ	adv	biting, with teeth	GED
Greek:	anōdynos	n.masc	something that soothes pain	W7
	δάκνω	vb	to bite	GED
	ἔδω	vb	to eat	LRC
	ἐσθίω	vb	to eat	LRC
	κατέδω	vb	to eat up, devour	LRC
	οδούς, οδο̄ν, οδοντος	n.masc	tooth	W7
	ὀ-δούς	n.masc	tooth	GED
	odynē	n.fem	pain	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	ed-mi	vb	to eat	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	a-ta-mn	n	tooth	GED/IEW
Iranian
Avestan:	aδāiti	vb	to eat	LRC
	dantan-, datā	n	tooth	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	ád-mi	vb	to eat	LRC
	dán, datás	n	tooth	GED
	dáśati	vb	to bite	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
IV	=	class 4
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)