The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: eg̑hs, eg̑hz 'from, out of, ex-'

Semantic Field: Far (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	ex-	pfx	ex-	W7
	external	adj	external	W7
	extreme	adj	extreme	W7
	strange	adj	strange	W7
English:	ec-/ek-	pfx	from, out of	TLL
	ecto-	pfx	from, out of	AHD
	eschatology	n	belief in/about end of world/last things	AHD/W7
	estrange	vb.trans	to remove from usual environment/associations	AHD/W7
	ex-	pfx	outside, out of	AHD/W7
	ex	prep	from, without, out of	AHD/W7
	exact	adj	precise	AHD/W7
	exact	vb.trans	to draw out from, extort	AHD/W7
	exacta	n	perfecta: bettor picks 1st/2nd finishers	AHD
	exanthem(a)	n	eruptive disease (e.g. measles)	AHD/W7
	exarch	adj	re: non-central early development (biology)	AHD/W7
	exarch	n	Byzantine viceroy	AHD/W7
	excrescence	n	abnormal/immoderate outgrowth/enlargement	AHD/W7
	exedra	n	outdoor bench with high back	AHD
	exemplary	adj	serving as pattern	AHD/W7
	exemplum	n	model, example	AHD/W7
	exergonic	adj	releasing energy	AHD
	exine	n	outer layer of wall of spore/pollen grain	AHD
	exit	n	departure from stage	AHD/W7
	exit	vb	to leave, go out	LRC
	exo-	pfx	outside, out of	AHD/W7
	exodus	n	emigration, mass departure	AHD
	exoergic	adj	releasing energy	AHD
	exosporium	n	exine	AHD
	exoteric	adj	suitable to be revealed to public	AHD/W7
	exotic	adj	introduced from another country	AHD/W7
	exterior	adj	outer, external	AHD/W7
	external	adj	re: being perceived outwardly	AHD/W7
	extra-	pfx	beyond, outside	AHD/W7
	extra	adj	more than due/usual/necessary	W7
	extreme	adj	re: highest/greatest possible degree	AHD/W7
	exuberate	vb	to overflow; be exuberant	AHD/W7
	strange	adj	alien, foreign, re: another country	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Export	n.masc	export	LRC
	extra	adj	extra	LRC
	extrem	adj	extreme	LRC
Italic
Latin:	ex/ē	prep/pfx	from, away, out of	LRC
	exeo, exīre, exii, exitum	vb	to exit, go forth/away	LRC
	exotericus	adj	meant for outsiders	W7
	exoticus	adj	foreign, exotic	W7
	exter	adv	outside	W7
	exterior, exterioris	adj	outer	LRC
	externus	adj	external, (from the) outside	W7
	exterus	adj	being foreign, on the outside	W7
	extrā	adv/prep	outside, except, beyond	W7
	extraneus	adj	external, strange	W7
	extremus	adj.sup	extreme, the most	W7
Late Latin:	ex-	pfx	out, forth, away	W7
Medieval Latin:	extraneo, extraneare	vb	to become estranged	W7
Portuguese:	desde	prep	since	TLL
Spanish:	desde	prep	since	TLL
	estraño	adj	strange	TLL
Old French:	estrange	adj	strange, foreign	W7
	ex-/es-	pfx	out, forth, away	W7
Middle French:	estranger	n.masc	foreigner	W7
	ex-	pfx	out of, from	W7
	extrême	adj	of the end, outermost	W7
French:	étrange	adj	strange	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	ìš	prep	from	LRC
Slavic
Old Slavic:	iz	prep	out of	W7
Old Church Slavonic:	iz	prep	out of	LRC
	iziti, izidǫ, izideši	vb	to exit, go out	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	ἐκ	prep	from, out of	LRC
	ἐξ	prep	from, out of	LRC
	ἐξαίφνης	adv	suddenly	LRC
	ἐξάπινα	adv	suddenly	LRC
	ἐξαπίνης	adv	on a sudden	LRC
	ἐξίτηλος	adj	fading, forgotten	LRC
	ἔξω	adv	outside	LRC
	exōterikos	adj	external	W7
	exōterō	adv	more outside	W7
	exōtikos	adj	exotic	W7
	eschatos	adj	last, farthest	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	i	prep	from, out of, away from; from among	LRC
	yarnem	vb	to rise up	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
sup	=	superlative
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next