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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ei- 'to go'

Semantic Field: to Go

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	āþ	n	oath	W7
	ēode	vb.supp.pret.1/3.sg	went	LRC
	gēar	n.neut	year	LRC
	gēar-dæg	n.masc	long ago (lit. year-day)	LRC
	wīde	adv	widely, far	LRC
Middle English:	ambition	n	ambition	W7
	circuit	n	circuit	W7
	comencen	vb	to commence	W7
	counte	n	county	W7
	eire	n	eyre	W7
	erraunt	adj	errant	W7
	hour	n	hour	W7
	issue	n	exit, proceeds	W7
	Januarie	prop.n	January	W7
	ooth	n	oath	W7
	perisshen	vb	to perish	W7
	preterit	adj	preterit	W7
	pretor	n	praetor	W7
	sedition	n	sedition	W7
	sodain	adj	sudden	W7
	trance	n	trance	W7
	viscounte	n	viscount	W7
	yere	n	year	W7
English:	adit	n	nearly horizontal passage from surface in mine	AHD/W7
	ambient	adj	encompassing, surrounding on all sides	AHD/W7
	ambition	n	desire for rank/fame/power	AHD/W7
	anion	n	ion migrating to anode in electrolyzed solution	AHD/W7
	cation	n	ion migrating to cathode in electrolyzed solution	AHD/W7
	circuit	n	circular line encompassing area	AHD/W7
	coitus	n	sexual intercourse	AHD/W7
	comitia	n	public assembly of Romans to exercise judicial/electoral/legislative function	AHD/W7
	commence	vb	to begin, enter upon	AHD/W7
	concomitant	adj	accompanying, esp. in incidental/subordinate way	AHD/W7
	count	n	European nobleman, equivalent to English earl	AHD/W7
	county	n	domain of count	AHD/W7
	county	n	obs: count	AHD/W7
	dysprosium	n	rare-earth element in highly magnetic compounds	AHD/W7
	errant	adj	re: traveling	AHD/W7
	exit	n	departure from stage	AHD/W7
	eyre	n	periodic circuit	AHD/W7
	Hinayana	prop.n	southern conservative branch of Buddhism	LRC
	horary	adj	re: hour	AHD/W7
	hour	n	time for daily liturgical devotion	AHD/W7
	initial	adj	incipient, re: beginning	AHD/W7
	initiate	vb.trans	to start, set going	AHD/W7
	introit	n	first part of mass	AHD/W7
	ion	n	atom with positive/negative electric charge	AHD/W7
	issue	n	proceeds from revenue source (e.g. estate)	AHD/W7
	itinerant	adj	traveling place-to-place	AHD/W7
	itinerary	n	journey's route	LRC
	janitor	n	doorkeeper	AHD/W7
	January	prop.n	now 1st month in Gregorian calendar	AHD/W7
	Mahayana	prop.n	theistic branch of Buddhism, originated in 1st century A.D.	LRC
	oath	n	calling upon god to witness to truth re: claim	AHD/W7
	obituary	n	notice of person's death	AHD/W7
	perish	vb	to die, become ruined/destroyed	AHD/W7
	praetor	n	Roman judicial magistrate ranking below consul	AHD/W7
	preterit	adj	past, former, bygone	AHD/W7
	sedition	n	inciting resistance to/insurrection against lawful authority	AHD/W7
	subito	adv	suddenly, immediately	AHD/W7
	sudden	adj	coming/happening unexpectedly	AHD/W7
	trance	n	stupor, inability to function	AHD/W7
	transient	adj	short-lived, passing into/out of existence	AHD/W7
	transit	n	passage, act/process/instance of passing through/over	AHD/W7
	transitive	adj	having/containing direct object	AHD/W7
	viscount	n	British peer ranking above baron/below earl	AHD/W7
	year	n	period of revolution of earth around sun (ca. 365 1/4 days)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	eid	n	oath	W7
	jār	n	year	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ár	n.neut	year; (good) season	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ƕáiwa	adv	how, in what way	LRC
	iddja	vb.supp.pret	went	W7/GED
	jēr	n.str.neut	year	LRC
Italic
Latin:	adeo, adīre, adii, aditus	vb	to go to	W7
	aditus, aditūs	n.masc	approach	W7
	ambiens, ambientis	vb.pres.ptc	going around, surrounding	W7
	ambio, ambīre	vb	to go around, surround	W7
	ambitus, ambitūs	n.masc	cicuit, revolution, orbit, circonlocution	W7
	circueo, circuire, circuii, circuitus	vb	to go around	W7
	circumeo, circumire	vb	to go around	W7
	coitus, coitūs	n.masc	a coming together	W7
	coitus	vb.ptc	having come together	W7
	comes, comitis	n.masc	companion, one of the imperial court	W7
	comitia	n.neut.pl	assembly of the Roman people	W7
	comitium	n.neut	house of the comitia	W7
	comitor, comitāri	vb	to accompany	W7
	concomitor, concomitāri	vb	to accompany	W7
	eo, īre, ii, itus	vb	to go	W7
	exeō, exire, exiī, exitus	vb	to go out, leave	LRC
	exitus, exitūs	n.masc	act of going out; destruction	W7
	hora	n.fem	hour	W7
	ineo, inīre, inii, initus	vb	to go into; to begin	W7
	initialis	adj	of the beginning, the first	W7
	initio, initiare	vb	to induct, initiate, begin	W7
	initium	n.neut	beginning	W7
	introeo, introīre, introii, introitus	vb	to go in	W7
	introitus, introitūs	n.masc	entrance	W7
	iter, itineris	n.neut	way, road, journey	LRC
	itio, itionis	n.fem	act of going	W7
	janitor	n.masc	doorkeeper	W7
	janua	n.fem	door	W7
	Januarius	n.masc	first month of the ancient Roman year	W7
	Janus	n.masc	the god Janus	W7
	janus	n.masc	arch, gate	W7
	obitus	n.masc	decease	W7
	perio, perīre	vb	to perish	W7
	praeter	prep.adv	beyond, past, by	W7
	praetereo, praeterīre	vb	to go by, pass	W7
	praeteritus	adj	passed in front of, passed	W7
	praetor	n.masc	praetor	W7
	seditio, seditionis	n.fem	separation	W7
	subeo, subīre	vb	to come up	W7
	subitaneus	adj	sudden	W7
	subitō	adv	suddenly	W7
	subitus	adj	sudden	W7
	trānseō, transīre, transīvī, transitus	vb	to pass, go over/across	LRC
	transitus, transitūs	n.masc	a going across	W7
	usus, usūs	n.masc	use, practice	LRC
	ūtor, ūtī, ūsus	vb.dep	to use	LRC
	vitō, vitāre, vitāvī, vitātus	vb	to shun, avoid, evade	LRC
Vulgar Latin:	cominitio, cominitiare	vb	to commence	W7
Late Latin:	comes, comitis	n.masc	count	W7
	comitatus	n.masc	office of a count	W7
	hora	n.fem	hour, season	W7
	initio, initiāre, initiāvī, initiātus	vb	to begin	W7
	itinerans, itinerantis	vb.ptc	on the road, traveling	W7
	itineror, itinerāri	vb	to journey	W7
	transitivus	adj	transitive	W7
Medieval Latin:	comitatus	vb.ptc	assembly, retinue	W7
	horarius	n.masc	horary	W7
	introitus	vb.ptc	introduced	W7
	iterō, iterāre	vb	to travel	W7
	obituarium	n.neut	obituary	W7
	vicecomes, vicecomitis	n.masc	viscount	W7
New Latin:	dysprosium	n.neut	a chemical element	W7
Italian:	subito	adj	sudden, quick	W7
Old French:	conté	n.masc	county	W7
	erre	n.masc/fem	trip	W7
	errer	vb	to travel	W7
	heure	n.fem	hour	W7
	issir	vb	to come out, go out	W7
	issue	n.fem	exit	W7
	perir, periss-	vb	to perish	W7
Anglo-French:	eire	n.fem	trip	W7
Middle French:	ambition	n.fem	ambition	W7
	circuite	n.masc	circuit	W7
	comencer	vb	to start	W7
	comte	n.masc	count	W7
	initial	adj	of the beginning, the first	W7
	introite	adj	introit, internal	W7
	issue	n.fem	exit, result, end	W7
	sedition	n.fem	separation	W7
	sodain	adj	sudden	W7
	transe	n.fem	trance	W7
	transir	vb	to pass away, swoon	W7
	viscomte	n.masc	viscount	W7
French:	errant	adj	one who errs or wanders	W7
	errer	vb	to err, to travel, to wander	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	ēit	vb	to go	LRC
Lithuanian:	eiti	vb	to go	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	iti, idǫ, ideši	vb	to go	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	εἶμι	vb	to go, come	LRC
Greek:	anienai	vb	to go up	W7
	aniōn	vb.ptc	going up	W7
	dysprositos	adj	hard to get at	W7
	ἐπίειμι	vb	to come near	LRC
	katienai	vb	to go down	W7
	prosienai	vb	to approach	W7
	prositos	adj	approachable	W7
	hōra	n.fem	hour, time, season	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	i-it	vb	to go	LRC
	iyatta(ri)	vb	to proceed	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	aēiti	vb	to go	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	éti	vb	to go	W7
	mahāyāna	n	theistic branch of Buddhism, lit. great vehicle	W7
	hīnayāna	n	southern conservative branch of Buddhism, lit. lesser vehicle	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	yā-	vb	to go	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
3	=	3rd person
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
pres	=	present (tense)
pret	=	preterite (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
supp	=	suppletive (form)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)