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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ēik- 'to own, possess, be capable'

Semantic Field: to Own, Possess

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	icht	n	race, descendants	GED
English
Old English:	ǣgen/āgen	adj	own, proper, peculiar	LRC
	ǣht	n.str.fem	property	GED
	āgan, āh, āgon, āhte	vb.ptpr.I	to own, possess	LRC
	āgnian/āhnian	vb.wk	to acquire, possess	GED/ASD
Middle English:	fraught	n	fraught, freight	W7
	fraughten	vb	to fraught, freight	W7
	freight	n	freight	W7
	oughte	vb.aux	ought	W7
	owen	vb	to owe, own	W7
English:	fraught	adj.arch	freighted	AHD/W7
	freight	n	payment for transport of goods	AHD/W7
	freight	vb.trans	to load/transport (cargo)	W7
	ought	vb.aux	to be morally obliged	AHD/W7
	owe	vb	to own, possess	AHD/W7
	own	adj	belonging to self	AHD/W7
	own	vb	to possess	LRC
Scots English:	fraught	n	freight, load, cargo	AHD/W7
	fraught	vb.trans	to freight	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	āga	vb.ptpr.I	to own, possess	GED
	ē(g)in/ain/e(i)gen	adj	own	GED/ASD
Middle Dutch:	vracht	n	freight	W7
Old Saxon:	ēgan	adj	own	GED
	ēgan	n.str.neut	property, possessions	GED
	ēgan	vb.ptpr.I	to own, possess	GED
Middle Low German:	vrecht	n	freight	W7
Old High German:	ēht	n.str.fem	property	GED
	eigan/eikan	adj	own	GED/ASD
	eigan	n.str.neut	property, possessions	GED
	eigan	vb.ptpr.I	to own, possess	GED
	eiginēn	vb.wk	to take possession of	GED
Middle High German:	eigen	adj	own	ASD
German:	eigen	adj	own	LRC
	eignen	vb	to be suited for	LRC
	Fracht	n.fem	freight	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	átt/ætt	n.str.fem	region, direction; tribe, family, ancestry	ASD
	eiga	vb.ptpr.I	to own, have, possess	LRC
	eigin(n)	adj	own	W7/ASD
	eigna, eignað	vb.wk	to dedicate, take possession	LRC
	eignask	vb	to gain possession, get for oneself	LRC
	eigu	n.fem	possession	LRC
Old Icelandic:	ātt	n.str.fem	race, descendants	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*aigan	vb	to have	GED
	aigin	n.neut	property	GED
	áihts	n.str.fem	property, possession	LRC
	fair-aigan	vb	to partake (of)	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	istъ	adj	true, genuine	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	ise	vb	to have power over	GED
	īšti-	n	riches, property	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	īśe, īṣṭe	vb	to own, possess	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	aiśaumye	n	learned person	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
arch	=	archaic
aux	=	auxiliary
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptpr	=	preterite-present (verb)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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