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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ek̑u̯o-s 'horse'

Semantic Field: Horse (generic)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	ech	n	horse	LRC
Welsh:	ebol	n	foal	GED
Gaulish:	epo-	n.afx	horse	GED
	Epona	prop.n	lit. horse-goddess	GED
English
Old English:	eoh	n.str.masc	horse; (name for) E-rune	GED
	ēored/ēorod	n.neut	cavalry band/troop, lit. horse-ride(rs)	ASD
English:	eohippus	n	small 4-toed Lower Eocene horse of N. America	AHD/W7
	Éomer	prop.n	Eastmark marshal/hero in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Éomund	prop.n	chief marshal in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Éored	prop.n	cavalry unit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Éothain	prop.n	horse-thane in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Éothéod	prop.n	Eorl's descendants in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Éowyn	prop.n	Rohan shield-maiden heroine in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	equestrian	adj	re: horseback riding	AHD/W7
	equine	adj	re: horse	AHD/W7
	equitant	adj	overlapping transversely at base	AHD/W7
	equitation	n	riding on horseback	AHD/W7
	hippocampus	n	curved elongated ridge in lateral ventricle of brain	AHD/W7
	Hippocrene	prop.n	fountain on Mt. Helicon sacred to the Muses (Greek mythology)	LRC
	hippodrome	n	oval stadium for horse/chariot races	AHD/W7
	hippogriff	n	legendary animal, lit. horse-griffin	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	ehu-	n.afx	horse	GED
N-Germanic
Runic:	*ehwaz	n	horse; (name for) E-rune	LRC
Old Icelandic:	jōr	n.str.masc	horse	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	aíƕa-	n	horse	LRC
	*aiƕa-tundi	n.fem	bramble, prickly bush, lit. horse-thorn	GED
Italic
Latin:	equa	n.fem	mare	GED
	eques, equitis	n.masc	horseman, knight	LRC
	equester	adj	of a horseman	W7
	equinus	adj	of a horse	W7
	equito, equitare	vb	to ride on horseback	W7
	equus	n.masc	horse	GED
	hippo-	pfx	horse	W7
	Hippocrene	n.fem	Hippocrene	W7
	hippodromos	n.masc	hippodrome	W7
New Latin:	eohippus	n.masc	eohippus	W7
	hippocampus	n.masc	hippocampus	W7
Middle French:	hippodrome	n.masc	hippodrome	W7
French:	hippogriffe	n.masc	hippogriff	W7
Italian:	ippo-	pfx	horse	W7
	ippogrifo	n.masc	hippogriff	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	ašvà	n.fem	mare	GED
Hellenic
Mycenaean:	ιθο	n	horse	LRC
Greek:	ἱππεύς	n.masc	horseman	LRC
	hippodromos	n.masc	hippodrome	W7
	hippokampos	n.masc	sea horse	W7
	Hippokrēnē	prop.n.fem	Hippocrene	W7
	ἵππος	n.masc	horse	LRC
Anatolian
Luwian:	á-sù-wa	n	horse	LRC
Iranian
Old Persian:	asa-	n.afx	horse	LRC
	aspa-	n.afx	horse	GED
Avestan:	aspō/aspa-	n/afx	horse	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	áśvas	n	horse	GED
	áśvā	n	mare	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	yakwe	n	horse	LRC
Tocharian A:	yuk	n	horse	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
afx	=	affix
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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