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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. el-, ol-, _el- 'red, brown'

Semantic Field: Red

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	alor/aler/air	n.masc	alder	W7/ASD
	ellærn	n	elder	W7
	eolh	n.masc	elk; (name for) X-rune	W7/ASD
	lamb	n.neut	lamb	W7/ASD
Middle English:	alder	n	alder	W7
	eldre	n	elder	W7
	elk	n	elk	W7
	elm	n	elm	W7
	lamb	n	lamb	W7
English:	alder	n	toothed-leaved tree/shrub in birch family	AHD/W7
	auk	n	black/white short-necked seabird of northern hemisphere	AHD/W7
	elder	n	tree/shrub in honeysuckle family	AHD/W7
	elk	n	large deer	AHD/W7
	elm	n	large tree: alternate stipulate leaves, small apetalous flowers	AHD/W7
	lamb	n	baby sheep	TLL
W-Germanic
Dutch:	else	n.fem	alder	ASD
	lam	n	lamb	TLL
	olm	n	elm	TLL
Old High German:	elaho	n	elk	W7
	elira/erila	n.fem	alder	W7/ASD
	elme	n	elm	W7
	lamb	n	lamb	KDW
Middle High German:	elch	n	elk	ASD
German:	Elch	n.masc	elk	LRC
	Eller	n	alder	ASD
	Erle	n.fem	alder	ASD
	Lamm	n.neut	lamb	TLL
	Ulme	n.fem	elm	LRC
N-Germanic
Runic:	algiz	n	elk; (name for) Z-rune	LRC
Old Norse:	ālka	n	swan	W7
	elgr	n	elk	ASD
	elri	n.neut	alder	ASD
	elrir/ölr	n.masc	alder	ASD
	lamb	n	lamb	KNW
Icelandic:	alk(a)	n	swan	W7
Norwegian:	alk	n	auk	AHD
Danish:	alk	n	auk	CDC
	elm	n	elm	TLL
	lam	n	lamb	TLL
Swedish:	alka	n	auk	CDC
	alm	n	elm	TLL
	lamm	n	lamb	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	lamb	n	lamb	KGW
Italic
Latin:	alces	n	elk	ASD
	alnus	n.fem	alder	W7
	olor	n.masc	swan	W7
	ulmus	n.fem	elm	W7
New Latin:	Alca	n	auk	CDC
Hellenic
Greek:	elaphos	n.masc	deer	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
KGW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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