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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: epi, opi, pi 'at, near, epi-'

Semantic Field: Near (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ǣfen/ǣfyn/ēfen	n.masc	even(ing)	IEW/ASD
	ǣfen-steorra	n.masc	evening-star	ASD
	ǣfnung	n.fem	evening	ASD
	eofot/eofut/eofet	n.neut	crime	W7/ASD
Middle English:	epi-	pfx	epi-	W7
	eve(n)	n	even(ing)	W7
	even(e)-sterre	n	evening-star	OED
	evening	n	evening	W7
English:	epi-	pfx	(up)on	AHD/W7
	epigeal	adj	growing above ground	AHD/W7
	epigene	adj	on/near earth's surface	AHD/W7
	even	n	evening	W7
	Evendim	prop.n	northern lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	evening	n	early night, close of day	W7
	evening-star	n	Venus seen at/after sunset	W7
	Evenstar	prop.n	Arwen's epithet in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	eventide	n	evening	AHD/W7
	obtund	vb	to dull, deaden, make less intense	AHD
	opisthobranch	n	gastropod mollusk with 2 pairs of tentacles	AHD
	opisthognathous	adj	having retreating jaws	AHD/W7
	opsonin	n	blood constituent making foreign cells susceptible to phagocyte action	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	ávend	n.masc	even(ing)	ASD
Middle Dutch:	avont	n.masc	even(ing)	ASD
Dutch:	avond	n	even(ing)	ASD
Old Saxon:	āband	n.masc	even(ing)	ASD
Old High German:	āband/āpand/ābant/ābunt	n.masc	even(ing)	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	ābent	n.masc	even(ing)	ASD
German:	Abend	n.masc	even(ing)	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	aptann	n.masc	even(ing)	LRC
Icelandic:	aptan/aftan	n.masc	even(ing)	ASD
Danish:	aften	n.masc	even(ing)	ASD
Swedish:	afton	n.masc	even(ing)	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*iftuma	adv	on the following...	GED
Italic
Latin:	epi-	pfx	on, over	W7
	ob	prep	towards	GED
	opsonium	n.neut	relish	W7
	ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum	vb	to show, point out	LRC
New Latin:	epi-	pfx	on, onto	W7
Middle French:	epi-	pfx	on	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	ap(i)-	pfx	about	GED
Latvian:	ap	prep	around, by, near, about	LRC
	piedurkne	n.fem	sleeve	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	épërm	adj.comp	higher	GED
Hellenic
Mycenaean:	o-pi	prep	upon	GED
Greek:	ἐνταῦθα	adv	then, there	LRC
	ἐντεῦθεν	adv	from there	LRC
	ἔπι/ἐπί	prep	to	GED
	ἐπί	adv/prep	on, about	LRC
	μετόπισθε	adv	afterwards	LRC
	ὄπιθεν	prep	after	GED
	ὄπισθεν	adv	behind	LRC
	ὀπίσω	adv	back	LRC
	opsōnein	vb	to purchase victuals	W7
	opsōnion	n.neut	food	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	appezzi(ya)-	adv	later	GED
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ew	conj	and, too, also	LRC
Armenian:	ev	conj	and	GED
Iranian
Old Persian:	apiy	prep	near	GED
Avestan:	aipi	prep	near	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	ápi	conj	also	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
comp	=	comparative
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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