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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: es- 'to be'

Semantic Field: to Live; Living; Life

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	am, at, is	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
English
Old English:	earon/sind(on)	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	eom, eart, is	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	gēse	adv	yes	W7
	prūd	adj	proud, arrogant	W7/ASD
	sōð	adj	sooth, true	W7
	sōð	n.neut	sooth, truth	LRC
	sōð-gied	n.neut	lit. true tale	LRC
	sōðian	vb	to prove the truth	W7
	synn	n	sin	W7
Middle English:	absent	adj	absent	W7
	am, art, is	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	are	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	essence	n	essence	W7
	interesse, interest	n	interest	W7
	present	adj	present	W7
	presenten	vb	to present	W7
	proud	adj	proud	W7
	quintessence	n	quintessence	W7
	representen	vb	to represent	W7
	sinne	n	sin	W7
	sooth	n	sooth	W7
	sothen	vb	to prove the truth	W7
	yes	adv	yes	W7
English:	absent	adj	missing, not present/attending	AHD/W7
	am, are, is	vb.anom.sg	to be, exist, become	AHD/W7
	are	vb.anom.pl	(pres. pl. of) be	LRC
	bodhisattva	n	being who refrains from entering nirvana to save others	AHD/W7
	entity	n	existence, being	AHD/W7
	essence	n	permanent as contrasted with accidental element of being	AHD/W7
	interest	n	right/title/legal share	AHD/W7
	Parousia	prop.n	Second Coming of Christ (Christianity)	LRC
	present	adj	now existing/in progress	AHD/W7
	present	vb	to bring/introduce into someone's presence	AHD/W7
	proud	adj	feeling/showing pride	AHD/W7
	quintessence	n	fifth, highest essence in ancient/medieval philosophy	AHD/W7
	represent	vb	to present, bring clearly before	AHD/W7
	sin	n	offense against God	AHD/W7
	sooth	adj/n	true; truth	AHD/W7
	soothe	vb	to humor by complying	AHD/W7
	suttee	n	act/custom of Hindu widow cremating herself on husband's funeral pyre to show devotion	AHD/W7
	swastika	n	symbol/ornament: Greek cross with arm ends bent at same right angle	AHD/W7
	yes	adv	expressing assent/agreement	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	sand	adj	true	W7
	sīn	vb.anom	to be	W7
	sunta	n	sin	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	em, est, es	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	esum, esuþ, esu	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	sandr	n	sand; beach, shore	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	im, is, ist	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	sijum, sijuþ, sind	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	sunja	n.str.fem	truth	LRC
Italic
Latin:	absens, absentis	adj	absent	W7
	absum, abesse	vb	to be absent	W7
	desum, deesse, defuī	vb	to be lacking	LRC
	ens	adj/vb.ptc	existing thing	W7
	esse	vb.anom	to be	LRC
	essentia	n.fem	essence	W7
	intersum, interesse, interfuī	vb	to lie between, concern	LRC
	praesens, praesentis	adj/vb.ptc	present, attending, helping	W7
	praesento, praesentare	vb	to present, show	W7
	praesum, praesse, praefui	vb	to be before, have charge of, preside over	LRC
	prosum, prodesse	vb	to be advantageous	W7
	repraesento, repraesentare	vb	to represent	W7
	sum, es, est	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	sumus, estis, sunt	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
Late Latin:	prode	n.neut	advantage, advantageous, back-formation	W7
Medieval Latin:	entitas	n.fem	entity, whole	W7
Old French:	present	adj	attending, being there	W7
	presenter	vb	to introduce, to show	W7
	prod, prud	adj	proud	W7
	prou	adj/n.masc	capable, good; advantage	W7
Anglo-French:	interesse	n.masc	interest	W7
Middle French:	absent	adj	absent	W7
	essence	n.fem	essence	W7
	representer	vb	to represent	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	esmì, esì, estì	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	jes-, jesmь, jesi	vb	to be	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	ἐξετάζω	vb	to inquire	LRC
	ἐξουσία	n.fem	power	LRC
	ἐσθλόν	adj	good	LRC
	εσμι, εἶ(ς), ἐστί	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	eteos	adj	true	W7
	pareinai	vb	to be present	W7
	Parousia	n.fem	Parousia	W7
	parōn, parontos	vb.pres.ptc	present	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	esmeni, esteni, asanzi	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	esmi, essi, eszi	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	em, es, e	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	ásmi, ási, ásti	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	bodhisattva	n	one whose essence is enlightenment	W7
	satī	n	wife who performs suttee, lit. good woman	W7
	sat	adj	true, good	W7
	sattva	n	being	W7
	smá, sthá, sánti	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	svasti	n	welfare	W7
	svastika	n	swatika, symbol in shape thereof	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
anom	=	anomalous/indeclinable
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
pres	=	present (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)