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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: es-   'to be'

Semantic Field: to Live; Living; Life

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Old Irish: am, at, is vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
English  
Old English: earon/sind(on) vb.anom.pl are LRC
  eom, eart, is vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
  gēse adv yes W7
  prūd adj proud, arrogant W7/ASD
  sōð adj sooth, true W7
  sōð n.neut sooth, truth LRC
  sōð-gied n.neut lit. true tale LRC
  sōðian vb to prove the truth W7
  synn n sin W7
Middle English: absent adj absent W7
  am, art, is vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
  are vb.anom.pl are LRC
  essence n essence W7
  interesse, interest n interest W7
  present adj present W7
  presenten vb to present W7
  proud adj proud W7
  quintessence n quintessence W7
  representen vb to represent W7
  sinne n sin W7
  sooth n sooth W7
  sothen vb to prove the truth W7
  yes adv yes W7
English: absent adj missing, not present/attending AHD/W7
  am, are, is vb.anom.sg to be, exist, become AHD/W7
  are vb.anom.pl (pres. pl. of) be LRC
  bodhisattva n being who refrains from entering nirvana to save others AHD/W7
  entity n existence, being AHD/W7
  essence n permanent as contrasted with accidental element of being AHD/W7
  interest n right/title/legal share AHD/W7
  Parousia prop.n Second Coming of Christ (Christianity) LRC
  present adj now existing/in progress AHD/W7
  present vb to bring/introduce into someone's presence AHD/W7
  proud adj feeling/showing pride AHD/W7
  quintessence n fifth, highest essence in ancient/medieval philosophy AHD/W7
  represent vb to present, bring clearly before AHD/W7
  sin n offense against God AHD/W7
  sooth adj/n true; truth AHD/W7
  soothe vb to humor by complying AHD/W7
  suttee n act/custom of Hindu widow cremating herself on husband's funeral pyre to show devotion AHD/W7
  swastika n symbol/ornament: Greek cross with arm ends bent at same right angle AHD/W7
  yes adv expressing assent/agreement AHD/W7
W-Germanic  
Old High German: sand adj true W7
  sīn vb.anom to be W7
  sunta n sin W7
N-Germanic  
Old Norse: em, est, es vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
  esum, esuþ, esu vb.anom.pl are LRC
  sandr n sand; beach, shore LRC
E-Germanic  
Gothic: im, is, ist vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
  sijum, sijuþ, sind vb.anom.pl are LRC
  sunja n.str.fem truth LRC
Italic  
Latin: absens, absentis adj absent W7
  absum, abesse vb to be absent W7
  desum, deesse, defuī vb to be lacking LRC
  ens adj/vb.ptc existing thing W7
  esse vb.anom to be LRC
  essentia n.fem essence W7
  intersum, interesse, interfuī vb to lie between, concern LRC
  praesens, praesentis adj/vb.ptc present, attending, helping W7
  praesento, praesentare vb to present, show W7
  praesum, praesse, praefui vb to be before, have charge of, preside over LRC
  prosum, prodesse vb to be advantageous W7
  repraesento, repraesentare vb to represent W7
  sum, es, est vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
  sumus, estis, sunt vb.anom.pl are LRC
Late Latin: prode n.neut advantage, advantageous, back-formation W7
Medieval Latin: entitas n.fem entity, whole W7
Old French: present adj attending, being there W7
  presenter vb to introduce, to show W7
  prod, prud adj proud W7
  prou adj/n.masc capable, good; advantage W7
Anglo-French: interesse n.masc interest W7
Middle French: absent adj absent W7
  essence n.fem essence W7
  representer vb to represent W7
Baltic  
Lithuanian: esmì, esì, estì vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
Slavic  
Old Church Slavonic: jes-, jesmь, jesi vb to be LRC
Hellenic  
Greek: ἐξετάζω vb to inquire LRC
  ἐξουσία n.fem power LRC
  ἐσθλόν adj good LRC
  εσμι, εἶ(ς), ἐστί vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
  eteos adj true W7
  pareinai vb to be present W7
  Parousia n.fem Parousia W7
  parōn, parontos vb.pres.ptc present W7
Anatolian  
Hittite: esmeni, esteni, asanzi vb.anom.pl are LRC
  esmi, essi, eszi vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
Armenian  
Classical Armenian: em, es, e vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
Indic  
Sanskrit: ásmi, ási, ásti vb.anom.sg am, are, is LRC
  bodhisattva n one whose essence is enlightenment W7
  satī n wife who performs suttee, lit. good woman W7
  sat adj true, good W7
  sattva n being W7
  smá, sthá, sánti vb.anom.pl are LRC
  svasti n welfare W7
  svastika n swatika, symbol in shape thereof W7

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
anom=anomalous/indeclinable
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pl=plural (number)
pres=present (tense)
prop=proper
ptc=participle
sg=singular (number)
str=strong (inflection)
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)