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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: es- 'is, to be'

Semantic Field: to Live; Living; Life

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	am, at, is	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
English
Old English:	eom/(e)am, is	vb.anom.1/3.sg	am, is	AHD/ASD
	gēse/gese/gise/gyse	adv	yes	W7/ASD
	prūd	adj	proud, arrogant	W7/ASD
	sind(on)	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	sōð	adj/n.neut	sooth	W7
	sōð-gi(e)d	n.neut	sooth, lit. true tale	ASD
	sōðian	vb.wk	to soothe	W7/ASD
	synn	n	sin	W7
Middle English:	absent	adj	absent	W7
	am, is	vb.anom.1/3.sg	am, is	LRC
	essence	n	essence	W7
	interesse/interest	n	interest	W7
	present	adj	present	W7
	presenten	vb	to present	W7
	proud	adj	proud	W7
	quintessence	n	quintessence	W7
	representen	vb	to represent	W7
	sinne	n	sin	W7
	sooth	n	sooth	W7
	sothen	vb	to soothe	W7
	yes	adv	yes	W7
English:	abessive	adj	(grammatical case) re: absence	AHD
	absent	adj	missing, not present/attending	AHD/W7
	adessive	adj	(grammatical case) re: adjacency	AHD
	am, is	vb.anom.1/3.sg	to be, exist, become	AHD/W7
	bodhisattva	n	being who refrains from entering nirvana to save others	AHD/W7
	entity	n	existence, being	AHD/W7
	essence	n	permanent as contrasted with accidental element of being	AHD/W7
	essive	adj	(grammatical case) re: temporary state/capacity	AHD
	inessive	adj	not essive	AHD
	interest	n	right/title/legal share	AHD/W7
	ossia	conj	or else	AHD
	Parousia	prop.n	Second Coming of Christ (Christianity)	LRC
	present	adj	now existing/in progress	AHD/W7
	present	vb	to bring/introduce into someone's presence	AHD/W7
	proud	adj	feeling/showing pride	AHD/W7
	Proudfoot	prop.n	hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	quintessence	n	fifth, highest essence in ancient/medieval philosophy	AHD/W7
	represent	vb	to present, bring clearly before	AHD/W7
	schizont	n	sporozoan cell segmented by schizogony	AHD
	sin	n	offense against God	AHD/W7
	sooth	adj/n	true; truth	AHD/W7
	soothe	vb	to prove/declare/verify truth	AHD/OED
	suttee	n	act/custom of Hindu widow cremating herself on husband's funeral pyre to show devotion	AHD/W7
	swastika	n	symbol/ornament: Greek cross with arm ends bent at same right angle	AHD/W7
	yes	adv	(expressing assent/agreement)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	sende	n	fault, wrong, crime, misdeed	ASD
Dutch:	zij	vb.anom.sg.imp	be!	TLL
	zijn	vb.anom	to be	TLL
	zijn	vb.anom.pl	are	TLL
	zijnd	vb.anom.pres.ptc	being	TLL
Old Saxon:	sōð	adj/n	sooth	ASD
	sundia	n	fault, wrong, crime, misdeed	ASD
Old High German:	sand	adj	true	W7
	sīn	vb.anom	to be	W7
	sunta	n	sin, fault, crime, misdeed	W7/ASD
German:	ist	vb.anom.3.sg	is	LRC
	sei	vb.anom.2/3.sg.imp	be! let be	TLL
	seid	vb.anom.2.pl	(you) are	TLL
	seiend	vb.anom.pres.ptc	being
	sein	vb.anom	to be	TLL
	sind	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	em, est, es	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	esum, esuþ, esu	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	sandr	n	sand; beach, shore	LRC
Icelandic:	saðr/sannr	adj	sooth	ASD
	sanna	vb	to prove, make good	ASD
	synd	n	fault, wrong, crime, misdeed	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	im, is, ist	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	sijau, sijais, sijai	vb.anom.sg.opt/subj	may be	TLL
	sijum, sijuþ, sind	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	sunja	n.str.fem	sooth	LRC
Italic
Old Latin:	siem, sies, siet	vb.anom.sg.opt/subj	may be	TLL
Latin:	absens, absentis	adj	absent	W7
	absum, abesse	vb	to be absent	W7
	desum, deesse, defuī	vb	to be lacking	LRC
	ens	adj/vb.ptc	existing	W7
	eram, eras, erat	vb.anom.sg.impf	was, were	TLL
	ero, eris, erit	vb.anom.sg.fut	will be	TLL
	esse	vb.anom.inf	to be	LRC
	essentia	n.fem	essence	W7
	intersum, interesse, interfuī	vb	to concern, lie between	LRC
	praesens, praesentis	adj/vb.ptc	present, helping, attending	W7
	praesento, praesentare	vb	to show, present	W7
	praesum, praesse, praefui	vb	to be before, have charge of, preside over	LRC
	prosum, prodesse	vb	to be advantageous	W7
	repraesento, repraesentare	vb	to represent	W7
	sum, es, est	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	sumus, estis, sunt	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
Late Latin:	prode	n.neut	advantage	W7
Medieval Latin:	entitas	n.fem	entity, whole	W7
Spanish:	ser	vb.anom	to be	TLL
	somos, sois, son	vb.anom.pl	are	TLL
	soy, eres, es	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	TLL
Old French:	present	adj	present, attending, being there	W7
	presenter	vb	to show, present, introduce	W7
	prod, prud	adj	proud	W7
	prou	adj/n.masc	good, capable; advantage	W7
Anglo-French:	interesse	n.masc	interest	W7
Middle French:	absent	adj	absent	W7
	essence	n.fem	essence	W7
	representer	vb	to represent	W7
French:	être	vb.anom	to be	TLL
	sommes, êtes, sont	vb.anom.pl	are	TLL
	suis, es, est	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	TLL
Italian:	essere	vb.anom	to be	TLL
	ossia	conj	or else, that is	AHD
	senza	prep	without, in the absence of	TLL
	sia	vb.3.sg.subj	is, be	AHD
	siamo, siete, sono	vb.anom.pl	are	TLL
	sono, sei, è	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	esmì, esì, estì	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	jes-, jesmь, jesi	vb	to be	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	jam	vb	to be	IEW
Hellenic
Greek:	ἐξετάζω	vb	to inquire	LRC
	ἐξουσία	n.fem	power	LRC
	ἐσθλόν	adj	good	LRC
	εσμι, εἶ(ς), ἐστί	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	eteos	adj	true	W7
	pareinai	vb	to be present	W7
	Parousia	n.fem	Parousia	W7
	parōn, parontos	vb.pres.ptc	present	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	esmeni, esteni, asanzi	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	esmi, essi, eszi	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	em, es, e	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	ásmi, ási, ásti	vb.anom.sg	am, are, is	LRC
	bodhisattva	n	one whose essence is enlightenment	W7
	satī	n	wife who performs suttee, lit. good woman	W7
	sat	adj	true, good	W7
	sattva	n	being	W7
	smá, sthá, sánti	vb.anom.pl	are	LRC
	syā́m, syā́s, syā́t	vb.anom.sg.opt	may be	TLL
	svasti	n	welfare	W7
	svastika	n	swatika, symbol in shape thereof	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
2	=	2nd person
3	=	3rd person
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
anom	=	anomalous/indeclinable
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
fut	=	future (tense)
imp	=	imperative (mood)
impf	=	imperfect (aspect)
inf	=	infinitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
opt	=	optative (mood)
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
pres	=	present (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
subj	=	subjunctive (mood)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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