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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: eti 'out, beyond, etc.'

Semantic Field: Far (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Gaulish:	eti	conj	also	GED
	t-ic	conj	and also	GED
English
Old English:	ed-	pfx	(addition, repetition)	GED
English:	eddy	n	air/water current moving contrary to main current	AHD/W7
Scots English:	ydy	n	eddy	W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	et-	pfx	(addition, repetition)	ASD
Old Saxon:	ed-	pfx	(addition, repetition)	GED
Old High German:	it(a)-/ith-	pfx	(addition, repetition)	GED
Middle High German:	ite-	pfx	(addition, repetition)	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ið-	pfx	(addition, repetition)	ASD
	iþa	n	eddy, current	W7
Old Icelandic:	ið-	pfx	over-	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	id-	pfx	(addition, repetition)	ASD
	iþ	conj	if, but, however	LRC
Italic
Latin:	et	conj	and	LRC
	etiam	adv	also, even	LRC
Portuguese:	e	conj	and	TLL
Spanish:	y	conj	and	TLL
French:	et	conj	and	TLL
Italian:	e/ed	conj	and	TLL
Baltic
Old Prussian:	at-/et-	adv	again	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	ἔτι	adv	still	LRC
	οὐκέτι	adv	no longer	LRC
Iranian
Old Persian:	atiy	adv/prep	very; beyond	GED
Avestan:	aiti	adv/prep	very; beyond	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	áti	adv/prep	very; beyond	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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