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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g̑ēi-, g̑ī- 'to sprout'

Semantic Field: to Grow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	cēn	n.masc	torch; (name for) C/K-rune	IEW/ASD
	cīnan, cān, cinon, cinen	vb.str	to gape, break into chinks	W7/ASD
	cine/cīne/cȳne	n.fem	chink, crack	W7/ASD
	cīð/cȳþ	n.masc	chit, bud, sprig	IEW/ASD
Middle English:	chin	n	chink, crack	W7
	kide	n	kid	W7
	scion	n	scion	W7
English:	chink	n	small rent/cleft/fissure	AHD/W7
	chit	n	shoot, sprout	ASD/W2I
	Chithing	prop.n	Bree calendar's April in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	kid	n	young goat	AHD/W7
	scion	n	shoot, twig	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	keen	n.fem	chink	ASD
Old Saxon:	kīð	n.masc	chit	IEW
Old High German:	chīnan	vb	to sprout, split open	W7
N-Germanic
Runic:	kēnaz	n	torch; (name for) K-rune	LRC
Old Norse:	kið	n	kid, young animal	AHD/W7
Italic
Old French:	cion	n.masc	scion	LRC
Middle French:	scion	n.masc	scion	W7
French:	scion	n.masc	scion, tip (of rod)	LRC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	žíedas	n.masc	blossom, flower	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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