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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. gel- 'to curl, form into a ball; round'

Semantic Field: Round (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	clǣg	n	clay	W7
	clif	n.neut	cliff, rock, slope	RPN
	clūd	n	rock, hill	RPN
Middle English:	clay	n	clay	W7
	glu	n	glue	W7
English:	agglutinate	vb	to fasten, cause to adhere	AHD/W7
	clay	n	earthy material, plastic if moist but hard after firing	AHD/W7
	conglutinate	vb	to unite via gummy substance	AHD/W7
	gley	n	sticky clay under surface of waterlogged soils	AHD/W7
	gliadin	n	simple protein found in grain	AHD/W7
	glue	n	protein with adhesive properties	AHD/W7
	gluten	n	elastic protein in flour giving dough cohesiveness	AHD/W7
	glutinous	adj	gummy, gluey	AHD/W7
	mesoglea	n	gelatinous substance between endoderm/ectoderm	AHD/W7
	neuroglia	n	supporting tissue intermingled with.essential elements of nervous tissue esp. in.brain, spinal cord, and ganglia	AHD/W7
	zooglea	n	mass formed by bacteria in fluid rich in organic material	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	klīwa	n	bran	W7
New High German:	Klippe	n	cliff, crag, rock	RPN
Old Saxon:	clif	n	cliff	RPN
Low German:	klint	n	rock, cliff	RPN
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	kleif	n	ridge, cliff	RPN
	klettr	n	rock, cliff	RPN
	klé	n	a stone to steady the loom	RPN
	klif	n	cliff	RPN
E-Germanic
Gothic:	inkilþō	adj	with child	LRC
Italic
Latin:	agglutino, agglutinare, agglutinavi, agglutinatus	vb	to glue to	W7
	conglutino, conglutinare, conglutinavi, conglutinatus	vb	to glue together	W7
	gluten	n.neut	glue	W7
	glutino, glutināre	vb	to glue	W7
	glutinosus	adj	having consistency of glue	W7
Late Latin:	glūs, glūtis	n.fem	glue	W7
New Latin:	neuroglia	n.fem	supporting tissue intermingled with the essential elements of nervous tissue	W7
	zooglea	n.fem	gelatinous mass of bacteria growing fluid	W7
Middle French:	glu	n.fem	glue	W7
	glutineux	adj	glutinous	W7
Slavic
Russian:	glaz	n	stone	RPN
	gleĭ	n	clay	W7
Polish:	głaz	n	rock	RPN
Hellenic
Late Greek:	glia	n.fem	glue	W7
	gloios	n.masc	glue	W7
Medieval Greek:	{γλια}, {γλοεα}	n.fem	glue	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)