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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. gel-, and g^u̯el- 'to glut, devour, envelop'

Semantic Fields: to Eat; to Wind, Wrap

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	cēol/cīol	n.masc	keel, ship	ASD
	ceole/ciole	n.fem	jowl, throat	IEW/ASD
Middle English:	cholle	n	jowl, throat	W7
	glotoun	n	glutton	W7
	glouten	vb	to glut	W7
	golet	n	gullet	W7
	goules	n.pl	gules	W7
	kele	n	keel	W7
English:	deglutition	n	swallowing	AHD/W7
	glut	vb	to satiate, fill with food	AHD/W7
	glutton	n	one who eats too much	AHD/W7
	goliard	n	wandering student/minstrel of 12th/13th century	AHD/W7
	gular	adj	re: throat	AHD/W7
	gules	n.pl	heraldic color red	AHD/W7
	gullet	n	esophagus	AHD/W7
	jowl	n	slack flesh on throat/lower jaw	AHD/W7
	keel	n	longitudinal plate/timber along bottom center of boat/ship	AHD/W7
	keel	n	freight barge	AHD/W7
	keelhaul	vb.trans	to haul under ship's keel as torture/punishment	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	kiel	n	keel	AHD
Dutch:	keel	n.fem	jowl, throat	ASD
	kiel	n.fem	keel	ASD
Old High German:	chiol/cheol/chiel	n.masc	keel	ASD
	këla	n.fem	jowl, throat	ASD
Middle High German:	kël	n.fem	jowl, throat	ASD
	kiel	n.masc	keel	ASD
German:	Kehle	n.fem	jowl, throat	ASD
	Kiel	n.masc	keel	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	kjölr	n	keel (timber)	W7
Icelandic:	kjōll	n.masc	keel	ASD
Danish:	kiöl	n.masc/fem	keel	ASD
Swedish:	köl	n.masc	keel	ASD
Italic
Latin:	deglutio, deglutire, deglutivi, deglutitus	vb	to swallow down	W7
	glūto, glūtōnis	n.masc	glutton	W7
	glūt(t)io, glūt(t)ire	vb	to swallow	W7
	gula	n.fem	jowl, throat, gullet	IEW
Old French:	gloton	n.masc	glutton	W7
Middle French:	goule	n.fem	jowl, throat, gullet	W7
	goulet	n.masc.dim	jowl, throat, gullet	W7
French:	déglutition	n.fem	deglutition	W7
	goliard	n	goliard	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	gala	n.masc	jowl, throat, gullet	ASD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pl	=	plural (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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