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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. gel(ə)- 'cool, cold; to keel, freeze'

Semantic Field: Cold, Frigid

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	calan	vb	to freeze, be cold	GED/RPN
	c(e)ald	adj/n.neut	cold	GED/RPN/ASD
	cēlan	vb	to keel	RPN
	cieldu	n.fem	cold, chill	GED
	c(i)ele	n.masc	chill, cold	GED
	cielian	vb	to be cold, chilly	RPN
	cōl	adj	cool	GED/RPN
	cōlian	vb	to become cool/cold	RPN
Middle English:	chile	n	cold, frost	W7
	chillen	vb	to chill	W7
	cold	adj	cold	W7
	congelen	vb	to congeal	W7
	gelly	n	jelly	W7
	kelen	vb	to keel	W7
English:	chill	n	sensation of coldness	IEW/W7
	chill	vb	to become cold	AHD/W7
	cold	adj	re: temperature notably below norm	AHD/W7
	cold	n	condition of low temperature; illness, disease	W7
	congeal	vb	to change from fluid to solid when cold	AHD/W7
	cool	adj	moderately cold, lacking heat	AHD/W7
	cool	vb	to make/become cool	W7
	gelatin	n	glutinous material obtained by boiling animal tissue	AHD/W7
	gelation	n	action/process of freezing	AHD/W7
	gelid	adj	icy, extremely cold	AHD/W7
	glace	adj	made/finished to have smooth glossy surface	AHD/W7
	glacial	adj	frigid, extremely cold	AHD/W7
	glaciate	vb	to freeze	AHD/W7
	glacier	n	large ice body moving slowly downhill	AHD/W7
	glacis	n	incline, gentle slope	AHD/W7
	jelly	n	food with soft elastic consistency	AHD/W7
	keel	vb	to cool	AHD/W7
	verglas	n	thin ice film on rock	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	kald	adj	cold	GED/RPN
	kela	vb	to cool, be cold	ASD
Dutch:	koel	adj	cool	ASD
	koelen	vb	to cool, be cold	ASD
	koud	adj	cold	ASD
	verkoudheid	n	cold: illness	TLL
Old Saxon:	kald	adj	cold	GED/RPN
	kōlōn	vb	to cool, be cold	ASD
Middle Low German:	külde	n	cold	GED
Old High German:	kalt/chalt	adj	cold	GED/ASD
	kuol(i)/chuoli	adj	cool	W7/GED
	kuoljan	vb	to cool, be cold	ASD
Middle High German:	kalt	adj	cold	ASD
	küele	adj	cool	ASD
	kuolēn	vb	to cool, be cold	ASD
New High German:	kalt	adj	cold	RPN
	kühl	adj	cool	RPN
German:	Erkältung	n	cold: illness	TLL
	kühlen	vb	to cool, be cold	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	kala	vb	to freeze, be(come) cold	LRC
Old Icelandic:	kalda	vb	to become cold	RPN
	kaldr	adj	cold	GED/RPN
	kelda	n	spring, brook	GED
	klaki	n	hard-frozen ground	RPN
	kólna	vb	to become cold	RPN
	kul	n.neut	breeze, gust of wind	GED/RPN
	kuldi	n.masc	cold	GED
	kylr	n	gust of cold air	RPN
Icelandic:	kala	vb	to cool, be cold	ASD
	kaldr	adj	cold	ASD
Danish:	forkølelse	n	cold: illness	TLL
	kilde	n	water spring	TLL
	koele	vb	to cool, be cold	ASD
	kold	adj	cold	ASD
	köl(ig)	adj	cool	ASD
Swedish:	förkylning	n	cold: illness	TLL
	kall	adj	cold	ASD
	koela	vb	to cool, be cold	ASD
	kylig	adj	cool	ASD
	källa	n	water spring	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*kalds	adj	cold	GED/RPN
Italic
Latin:	congelo, congelare	vb	to freeze, to harden	W7
	gelatio, gelationis	n.fem	action of freezing	W7
	gelidus	adj	cold, icy-cold, frosty	RPN
	gelo, gelare, gelavi, gelatus	vb	to (cause to) freeze, congeal	W7
	gelu, gelūs	n.neut	cold, frost, ice	W7
	glacialis	adj	icy	W7
	glacies	n.fem	icicle	W7
	glacio, glaciare	vb	to freeze	W7
Old French:	verre-glaz	n.masc	glass ice, thin ice film on rock	W7
Middle French:	congeler	vb	to freeze	W7
	gelé	vb.ptc	frosted, frozen	W7
	gelee	n.fem	frost	W7
	geler	vb	to freeze, congeal	W7
	glace	n.fem	ice	W7
French:	gélatine	n.fem	edible jelly, gelatin	W7
	glace	n.fem	ice	W7
	glacer	vb	to freeze, ice, glaze	W7
	glacis	n.masc	glacis, glaze	W7
	verglas	n.masc	cold rain freezing as thin ice	W7
Italian:	gelare	vb	to freeze	W7
	gelatina	n.fem	gelatin	W7
	gelato	n.masc	ice, ice-cream	W7/CID
Baltic
Lithuanian:	száltas	adj	cold	ASD
Indic
Sanskrit:	jala	adj	cold	ASD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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