The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. ger- 'to turn, wind, curl'

Semantic Fields: to Turn; to Wind, Wrap

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	grinne	n	bundle	RPN
Irish:	cairt	n	cart	ASD
	crom	adj	bent	ASD
Gaelic:	cairt/cartach	n.fem	cart	ASD
	creathail	n.fem	cradle	ASD
Cornish:	crom	adj	crooked	ASD
Welsh:	cart	n	cart	ASD
	crwm	adj	bent	ASD
English
Old English:	cradol/cradel	n.masc	cradle	W7/ASD
	cræft	n.masc	craft, strength, power	ASD
	cræt/crat	n	cart	W7/ASD
	crampiht	adj	crumpled, wrinkled	RPN
	cranc-	pfx	crank	W7
	cranc-stæf	n.masc	crank-staff (weaving implement)	RPN
	crēopan, crēap, crupon, cropen	vb.str	to creep	W7
	cribb	n	crib	W7
	crin(c)gan, crong, crungon, crungen	vb.str.III	to cringe, yield; die	ASD
	croc/crocc(a)/crog(g)	n.masc	crock, pitcher, pot/jar	W7/ASD
	crop(p)	n.masc	crop	W7/ASD
	cruma	n.masc	crumb	W7/ASD
	crumb/crump	adj	bent, crooked	RPN
	crūse	n	pitcher	W7
	crycc	n	crutch	W7
	crymban/crympan	vb	to bend, curl	RPN
	crymbing	n.fem	bend, curvature, inclination	RPN/ASD
	crypel	n	cripple	W7
	cryppan	vb	to bend, to crook (finger)	RPN
	dweomercræft	n.masc	magic art, jugglery	OED
Middle English:	carpen	vb	to carp	W7
	cart	n	cart	W7
	cradel	n	cradle	W7
	craft	n	craft, strength	W7
	crampe	n	cramp	W7
	cranke	n	crank	W7
	creke/crike	n	creek	W7
	crengen	vb	to cringe	W7
	crepen	vb	to creep	W7
	crib	n	crib	W7
	cripel	n	cripple	W7
	crochet	n	crochet, crotchet	W7
	crock	n	crock (pot/jar)	W7
	croft	n	croft	W7
	crok	n	crock (decrepit)	W7
	croket	n	crocket	W7
	crompid	n	crumpet, lit. curled-up	W7
	crop	n	crop	W7
	croser	n	crosier(-bearer)	W7
	crouchen	vb	to crouch	W7
	croupe	n	croup	W7
	crucche	n	crutch	W7
	cruet	n	cruet	W7
	crul	adj	curly	W7
	crumb/crump	adj	crooked	W7
	crumme	n	crummy	W7
	crumped	vb.ptc	curled up	W7
	crumpen	vb	to curl up	W7
	crumplen	vb.freq	to crumple	W7
	cruper	n	crupper	W7
	cruse	n	cruse	W7
	crynkelen	vb	to crinkle	W7
	curlen	vb	to curl	W7
	encrochen	vb	to encroach	W7
	grape	n	grape	W7
	grapenel	n	grapnel	W7
English:	agraf(f)e	n	hook-and-loop fastener	AHD/W7
	carp	vb.intrans	to find fault/complain querulously	AHD/W7
	cart	n	2-wheeled transport	AHD/W7
	cradle	n	bed/cot for baby, usu. on pivots/rockers	AHD/W7
	craft	n	art, skill, dexterity	W7
	cramp	n	spasmodic painful involuntary muscle contraction	AHD/W7
	cramp	n	metal device bent at ends to hold timbers/stone blocks together	AHD/W7
	crank	n	arm (at right angles to axle/shaft end) imparting/receiving circular motion	AHD/W7
	creche	n	day nursery	AHD/W7
	creek	n	small inlet/bay, narrower but extending farther inland than cove	AHD/W7
	creep, crept	vb.wk.intrans	to move with body prone/close to ground	AHD/W7
	crib	n	manger for feeding animals	AHD/W7
	Crickhollow	prop.n	Shire locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	crimp	vb.trans	to cause to become bent/warped/wavy	AHD/W7
	cringe	vb.intrans	to contract/draw in one's muscles	AHD/W7
	cringle	n	eyelet/grommet/thimble/rope loop attached to sail	AHD/W7
	crinkle	vb	to form short bends/angles	AHD/W7
	cripple	n	lame/partly disabled person/animal	AHD/W7
	crochet	n	interlocking looped stitches formed with single thread/hooked needle	AHD/W7
	crock	n	thick earthenware pot/jar	AHD/W7
	crock	n	one that is decrepit/impaired/disabled/worn out	AHD/W7
	crocket	n	ornament (bent/curved foliage) on edge of gable/spire	AHD/W7
	croft	n	small enclosed field adjoining house	AHD/W7
	crook	n	implement having bent/hooked form	AHD/W7
	crop	n	swollen protuberance: bird's craw, sprout/top of herb	AHD/OED
	croquet	n	lawn game played with mallets/wooden balls/wickets	AHD/W7
	crosier	n	staff with pointed foot carried as symbol of office	AHD/W7
	crotch	n	pole with forked end	AHD/W7
	crotchet	n	brooch, small hook/hooked instrument	AHD/W7
	crouch	vb	to stoop with limbs close to body	AHD/W7
	croup	n	rump of quadruped	AHD/W7
	croupier	n	gambling casino employee who pays/collects bets	AHD/W7
	cruet	n	(glass) bottle for table condiments	W7
	cruller	n	small sweet cake in twisted strips fried in deep fat	AHD/W7
	crumb	n	small bread/pastry fragment	AHD/W7
	crummie	n	cow	AHD/W7
	crumpet	n	unsweetened cake batter cooked on griddle	AHD/W7
	crumple	vb	to rumple, bend/press/crush out of shape	AHD/W7
	crupper	n	leather loop under horse's tail buckled to saddle	AHD/W7
	cruse	n	small vessel (e.g. pot/jar) to hold liquid (e.g. oil/water)	AHD/W7
	crutch	n	device typically fitting under armpit used by disabled in walking	AHD/W7
	curl	vb	to form into coils/ringlets	AHD/W7
	dwimmer-crafty	adj	re: Saruman in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	encroach	vb.intrans	to take, by stealth/gradual steps, rights/possessions of another	AHD/W7
	gooseberry	n	spiny European shrub with edible berries	AHD
	grape	n	juicy smooth-skinned berry	AHD/W7
	grapnel	n	small anchor with 3-5 flukes/claws	AHD/W7
	grappa	n	dry colorless Italian brandy	AHD/W7
	grapple	n	iron-clawed instrument used to secure enemy vessel before boarding	AHD/W7
	grossularite	n	type of garnet	AHD/W7
	group	n	two/more figures forming unit	AHD/W7
	kreplach	n	small soup dumpling(s)	AHD
	krumkake	n	Norwegian waffle cookie, lit. bent cake	AHD
	krummhorn	n	double-reed woodwind, lit. bent horn	AHD
Scots English:	crumb	adj	bent, crooked	W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	crumb	adj	bent, stooping	ASD
	kreft	n	craft, strength	ASD
	kriapa	vb	to creep	ASD
	krocha	n.masc	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
Frisian:	kreft	n	craft, strength	ASD
	krippen	vb	to creep	ASD
	kruwch	n	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
Middle Dutch:	crul	adj	curly	W7
Dutch:	kracht	n.fem	craft, strength	ASD
	krampe	n	hook	W7
	krat	n.neut	cart	ASD
	krom	adj	bent, stooping	ASD
	krop	n.masc	crop	ASD
	kruik	n.fem	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
	kruim	n.fem	crumb	ASD
	kruipen	vb	to creep	ASD
	krul	adj	curly	W7
	krulle	n	twisted cake	W7
Old Saxon:	criepan	vb	to creep	ASD
	crūka	n.fem	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
	crumb	adj	bent, stooping	ASD
	kraft	n.masc	craft, strength	IEW/ASD
Low German:	krampe	n	hook	W7
	krimpen	vb	to shrivel	W7
	kring	n	ring	W7
	kringel	n.dim	cringle	W7
Old High German:	cratto	n.masc	cart	ASD
	kraft	n.fem	craft, strength	IEW/ASD
	krank	adj	weak	KDW
	krāpfo	n	hook	W7
	kratto	n	basket	W7
	krippa	n	crib, manger	W7
	kriuchan	vb	to creep	ASD
	krōg	n.masc	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
	krol	adj	curly	W7
	kropf	n.masc	crop	W7/ASD
	krucka	n	crutch	W7
	krumb	adj	bent, stooping	ASD
Middle High German:	kraft	n.fem	craft, strength	ASD
	kretze	n.masc/fem	cart	ASD
	kriuchen	vb	to creep	ASD
	kropf	n.masc	crop	ASD
	krūche	n	crock	W7
	krume	n	crumb	W7
	krump	adj	bent, stooping	ASD
	kruoc	n.masc	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
German:	Großularit	n	grossularite	W7
	Kraft	n.fem	craft, strength	ASD
	krank	adj	ill	LRC
	Krankenhaus	n	hospital	TLL
	krätze/kretze	n.masc/fem	cart	ASD
	kriechen	vb	to creep	ASD
	kropf	n.masc	crop	ASD
	Krug	n.masc	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
	Krume	n.fem	crumb	ASD
	krumm	adj	bent, stooping	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	kartr	n	cart	W7
	kriki	n	bend; creek	W7
	krjúpa	vb	to creep, crouch	LRC
	krōkr	n	hook, barb	W7
Old Icelandic:	krá	n	nook, corner	RPN
	kring	adj	round	RPN
	kringja	vb	to encircle, to surround	RPN
	kringr	n	circle, ring	RPN
	kryppil	n	cripple	RPN
	krœkja	vb	to hook	RPN
Icelandic:	karpa	vb	to dispute	W7/IEO
	kartr	n.masc	cart	ASD
	kraftr/kraptr	n.masc	craft, strength	ASD
	krjupa	vb	to creep	ASD
	kroppr	n.masc	crop	ASD
	krukka	n.fem	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
Norwegian:	krokje	n	crock	W7
Danish:	kraft	n.masc/fem	craft, strength	ASD
	kro	n	inn	TLL
	krop	n.masc/fem	crop	ASD
	krukke	n.masc/fem	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
	krum	adj	bent, stooping	ASD
	krumme	n.masc/fem	crumb	ASD
	krybe	vb	to creep	ASD
	omkring	prep	around	TLL
Swedish:	kraft	n.masc	craft, strength	ASD
	kropp	n.masc	crop	ASD
	kruka	n.fem	crock (pot/jar)	ASD
	krum	adj	bent, stooping	ASD
	krumma	n.fem	crumb	ASD
	krypa	vb	to creep	ASD
	omkring	prep	around	TLL
Italic
Latin:	grūmus	n	little heap, hillock (of earth)	RPN
New Latin:	Grossularia	n.fem	shrub genus incl. gooseberries	W7
Old French:	crape	n.fem	skin disease	W7
	croc(he)	n.masc	fang, hook	W7
	croupe	n.fem	croup	W7
	crue	n	crock (pot/jar)	W7
	crupiere	n.fem	lit. one (who rides) on (horse) croup	W7
	encrochier	vb	to encroach	W7
	grosele	n	gooseberry	AHD
Old North French:	croquet	n.masc.dim	crocket	W7
Anglo-French:	cruet	n.dim	cruet	W7
Middle French:	crochet	n.masc.dim	hook, crochet	W7
	crossier	n	crosier	W7
	encrochier	vb	to encroach	W7
	grape	n.fem	hook	W7
	grapin	n.masc.dim	grapnel, hook	W7
	grapinel	n.masc.dim	grapnel, hook	W7
	grappelle	n.fem	hook	W7
French:	agrafe	n	agrafe	W7
	agrafer	vb	to hook onto	AHD
	crèche	n.fem	creche, nursery	W7
	crochet	n.masc.dim	hook, crochet	W7
	croupe	n.fem	croup	W7
	croupier	n.masc	croupier	W7
	groupe	n.masc	group	W7
Italian:	grappa	n	grappa	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	gárbana, garbanà	n	curl, lock, ringlet	RPN
	grandìs	n	ring, link (of a fence)	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	griphos	n.masc	reed basket	W7
	γρῡπός	n	hook-nosed	RPN
	grypos	adj	curved	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	grathnā́mi	vb	to fasten, tie/string together	RPN
	grantha, grathna-ḥ, granthí-ḥ	n	knot, tie, bunch, tuft	W7
	grantháyati	vb	to fasten, tie/string togeth	RPN
Prakrit:	gaṁṭhi-	n	knot, joint, bundle	RPN
	gaṁṭhilla-	adj	knotted	RPN
	gaṁṭhaï, gaṁthaï	vb	to tie, knot	RPN
Assamese:	gā̃ṭhi-	n	knot, joint, protuberance	RPN
	gā̃thiba-	vb	to string together	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEO	=	Arngrimur Sigurdsson: Íslenzk-Ensk Orðabók (1970)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next