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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: gras- : grō̆s- 'to gnaw, eat, devour'

Semantic Field: to Eat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	cresse	n	cress	W7
English:	cress	n	plant in mustard family	AHD/W7
	epigastrium	n	epigastric region	AHD/W7
	gangrene	n	death/decay of soft tissue from insufficient blood supply	AHD/W7
	gastric	adj	re: stomach	AHD/W7
	gastr(o)-	pfx	belly, stomach	AHD/W7
	gastrocnemius	n	most prominent calf muscle	AHD
	gastrula	n	early metazoan embryo	AHD/W7
	grama	n	a pasture grass	AHD/W7
	gramineous	adj	re: grass	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	kressa	n	cress	W7
German:	Kresse	n.fem	cress	LRC
Italic
Latin:	gangraena	n.fem	gangrene	W7
	gramen, graminis	n.neut	grass, plant	W7
	gramineus	adj	of grass	W7
New Latin:	epigastrium	adj.neut	over the belly	W7
	gastr-	pfx	belly, stomach	W7
	gastrula	n.fem	early metazoan embryo	W7
Spanish:	grama	n	grama	W7
Old French:	cærse	n.masc	cress	W7
	cressa	n.fem	cress	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	gangraina	n.fem	gangrene	W7
	gastēr	n.fem	stomach	W7
	gran	vb	to gnaw	W7
	epigastrion	adj.neut	over the belly	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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