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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g̑hðem-, g̑hðom-, genitive-ablative g̑h(ð)m-és 'earth, ground, soil, humus'

Semantic Fields: Earth, Land; Ground, Soil

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	duine	n	person, human being	GED/RPN
	dú	n	place	GED/RPN
Welsh:	dyn	n	human being	GED
English
Old English:	brȳd(i)-guma	n.masc	bridegroom	GED/ASD
	guma	n.wk.masc	man, human being	GED
Middle English:	bridegome	n	bridegroom	W7
	camelion	n	chameleon	W7
	homage	n	homage	W7
	homicide	n	homicide	W7
	humain	adj	human, humane	W7
	humble	adj	humble	W7
English:	autochthon	n	one supposedly sprung from ground he inhabits	AHD/W7
	autochthonous	adj	native, indigenous, aboriginal	W7
	bonhomie	n	geniality, good-natured easy friendliness	AHD/W7
	bridegroom	n	man newly married/about to be married	AHD/W7
	chamaephyte	n	perennial plant bearing winter buds near soil	AHD/W7
	chameleon	n	Old World lizard with unusual ability to change skin color	AHD/W7
	chamomile	n	aromatic perennial European herb	AHD
	chernozem	n	dark-colored zonal soil having deep rich humus	AHD/W7
	chthonic	adj	infernal	AHD/W7
	exhume	vb.trans	to disinter, dig up	AHD/W7
	homage	n	ceremony where one acknowledges vassalship to lord	AHD/W7
	hombre	n	guy, fellow	AHD/W7
	homicide	n	one who kills another person	AHD/W7
	hominid	n	bipedal primate mammal: mankind/immediate ancestors/related forms	AHD/W7
	homo	n	primate mammal: mankind as single recent species	AHD/W7
	homunculus	n.dim	manikin, little man	AHD/W7
	human	adj/n	(re:) man, mankind	AHD/W7
	humane	adj	marked by sympathy/compassion/consideration for others	AHD/W7
	humble	adj	not proud/haughty, not arrogant/assertive	AHD/W7
	humiliate	vb.trans	to mortify, reduce to lower social position	AHD/W7
	humility	n	being humble	AHD/W7
	humus	n	brown/black material resulting from plant/animal decomposition	AHD/W7
	inhume	vb.trans	to bury, inter	AHD/W7
	ombre	n	3-handed card game	AHD/W7
	omerta	n	rule/code enforcing silence	AHD
	sierozem	n	zonal group of soils characteristic of cool/temperate arid regions	AHD/W7
	transhumance	n	seasonal livestock movement between mountain/lowland pastures	AHD/W7
	zemstvo	n	local elective assembly in czarist Russia	AHD/CDC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	breid-goma	n.wk.masc	bridegroom	GED
	goma	n	man, human being	ASD
Old Saxon:	brūdi-gumo	n.masc	bridegroom	GED
	gumo	n.wk.masc	man, human being	GED/RPN
Old High German:	brūti-gomo	n.masc	bridegroom	GED
	gom(m)en/go(u)m-man/gam-man	n.wk.masc	man, human being	GED/RPN
	gomo/goma	n.wk.masc	man, human being	GED/RPN/ASD
Middle High German:	gome	n.wk.masc	man, human being	GED
German:	Bräutigam	n.masc	bridegroom	GED
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	gumi	n.wk.masc	man, human being	LRC
Old Icelandic:	Gymir	prop.n.masc	(name of) a giant	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	guma	n.masc	man, human being	GED/RPN
	*guma-kunds	adj	male	GED
Italic
Umbrian:	hondra	adv	below	GED
Old Latin:	hemōnem	n.acc	man, human being	GED
Latin:	autochthones	n.pl	autochthon	CDC
	chamaeleon	n.masc	chameleon	W7
	exhumo, exhumāre	vb	to unearth	W7
	homicida	n.masc	murderer	W7
	homicidium	n.neut	murder, killing	W7
	homo, hominis	n.masc	man, human being	LRC
	homunculus	n.masc	small man	W7
	humanus	adj	human	W7
	humilis, humilis, humile	adj	low, small, humble	LRC
	humus	n	earth, ground, soil	GED/RPN
	inhumo, inhumare	vb	to bury	W7
Late Latin:	humilio, humiliāre, humiliavi, humiliatus	vb	to humiliate	W7
New Latin:	Homo, Hominis	n.masc	genus name for mankind	W7
Portuguese:	homem	n	man, human	TLL
Spanish:	hombre	n.masc	man, human	W7
	ombre	n.masc	old 3-handed card game	W7
	trashumar	vb	to practice transhumance	W7
Old French:	hommage	n.masc	homage	W7
	homme	n.masc	man, human, vassal	W7
	humble	adj	low, humble	W7
Middle French:	camelion	n.masc	chameleon	W7
	homicide	n.masc	homicide, killing of a man	W7
	humain	adj	human	W7
French:	bonhomie	n.fem	bonhomie, friendly attitude (for a man)	W7
	bonhomme	n.masc	good-natured man	W7
	exhumer	vb	to unearth	W7
	homme	n.masc	man, human	W7
	inhumer	vb	to inhume	W7
	transhumance	n.fem	transhumance	W7
	transhumer	vb	to practice transhumance	W7
Italian:	omertà	n	omerta	LRC
	uomo	n	man, human	TLL
Baltic
Old Prussian:	semme	n	earth	GED
	smoy	n	man	GED
	smunents	n	human being	GED
Old Lithuanian:	žmuõ	n	person, human being	RPN
Lithuanian:	žẽmė	n.fem	earth	LRC
	žmogùs	n.masc	person, human being	LRC
	žmónės	n.masc	people	LRC
	žmuõ	n	human beings	GED
Latvian:	zem	prep	under, beneath	LRC
	zeme	n.fem	land, country	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	zemlja	n	earth	GED/RPN
	mǫžь	n.masc	man, husband	LRC
Old Russian:	zemĭ	n	land	AHD
Russian:	zemlya	n	earth	W7
	zemstvo	n	zemstvo	AHD
	seryĭ	adj	gray	W7
	chernozem	n	chernozem	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	dhe	n	earth, land	GED/RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	αὐτό-χθων	adj	autochthonous, of this earth	LRC
	αὐτό-χθων	n.neut	autochthon, primitive inhabitant	LS
	chamai	adv	on the ground	W7
	chamaileōn	n.masc	chameleon	W7
	χθόνιος	adj	earthly, in/under/beneath the earth	GED
	χθών	n.fem	earth, ground; land, country	RPN
Anatolian
Luwian:	ti-ya-am-mi-iš	n	earth	RPN
Hieroglyphic Luwian:	takami-	n	earth, land	RPN
Hittite:	da-ga-(a-)an	adv	to the ground	RPN
	te-(e-)kán	n	earth, ground	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	zā	n	earth, ground	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	kṣámyas	adj	earthly	GED
	kṣā́s	n	earth, ground	GED/RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	kan/keṃ	n	earth, ground	GED/RPN
	śaumo	n	human being	GED
Tocharian A:	śom	n	youth	GED
	śomin	n	girl	GED
	tkaṃ	n	earth, ground	GED/RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
acc	=	accusative (case)
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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