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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. g̑hē- 'to lack, be empty; to go out, leave'

Semantic Fields: Empty; to Leave, Relinquish

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	āgān	vb	to go	W7
	forgān	vb	to pass by, forgo	W7
	gād	n	want, lack	RPN
	gǣsne	adj	barren, deprived of, wanting	RPN
	gān	vb.anom	to go, walk, move	LRC
Middle English:	ago	adj/adv	ago	W7
	agon	vb	to pass away	W7
	anchorite	n	anchorite	W7
	enheriten	vb	to make heir, inherit	W7
	forgon	vb	to forgo	W7
	gait	n	gait, manner of walking	W7
	gate	n	gate, way	W7
	gon	vb	to go	W7
	heir	n	heir	W7
	heritage	n	heritage	W7
English:	ago	adj/adv	before present time	AHD/W7
	anchorite	n	recluse, one who lives alone for religious reasons	AHD/W7
	-chore	n.sfx	plant distributed by some agency	AHD/W7
	choripetalous	adj	polypetalous	AHD/W7
	chorography	n	art of mapping/describing region/district	AHD/W7
	forgo	vb.trans	to forsake	AHD/W7
	gait	n	manner of walking/moving on foot	AHD/W7
	gate	n	(arch.) path, way	AHD/W7
	go	vb	to proceed, move on course	AHD/W7
	heir	n	one entitled to inherit property	AHD/W7
	hereditament	n	heritable property	AHD/W7
	heredity	n	inheritance	AHD/W7
	heritage	n	property that descends to heir	AHD/W7
	inherit	vb	to receive, come into possession of	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	gān	vb	to go	RPN
	gazza	n	road	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	gata	n	road	W7
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gaidw	n	lack	RPN
Crimean Gothic:	geen	vb	to go	RPN
Italic
Latin:	chorographia	n.fem	chorography	W7
	hereditas, hereditatis	n.fem	heredity	W7
	hērēs, hēredis	n.masc	heir	RPN
Late Latin:	heredito, hereditāre	vb	to inherit	W7
	inheredito, inhereditāre	vb	to inherit	W7
Medieval Latin:	hereditamentum	n.neut	hereditament	W7
Middle French:	enheriter	vb	to make heir	W7
	heredité	n.fem	heredity	W7
	heritage	n.masc	inheritance, heirloom	W7
	heriter	vb	to inherit	W7
Hellenic
Ionic:	χήρη	adj/n	bereft of husband, widow	RPN
Attic:	κιγχάνω	vb	to reach, meet with, arrive at	RPN
	χατέω	vb	to crave, have need of, lack	RPN
	χατίζω	vb	to crave, have need of, lack	RPN
	χατίζων	n	a needy, poor person	RPN
	χῆρα	adj/n	bereft of husband; widow	RPN
	χῆρος	adj	widowed, bereaved	RPN
	χήτει	adv.dat	in lack of	RPN
	χωρέω	vb	to make room for another	RPN
	χῶρος	n	piece of ground, ground, place	RPN
Greek:	anachōrein	vb	to withdraw	W7
	kichanein	vb	to reach, attain	W7
	chēros	adj	bereaved	W7
	χώρα	n.fem	land, country; a space	LRC
	chōrein	vb	to go, withdraw	W7
	χωρίζω	vb	to separate	LRC
	χωρίς	prep	apart	LRC
	chōros	n.masc	place	W7
Late Greek:	anachōrētēs	n.masc	person who retires from the world	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	za-zā-mi	vb	to release	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	já-hā-ti	vb	to leave, abandon	RPN
	hāni-ḥ	n	abandonment, deprivation, loss	RPN
	hāpayati	vb.caus	to cause to leave; to be wanting	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
anom	=	anomalous/indeclinable
caus	=	causative
dat	=	dative (case)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prep	=	preposition
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)