The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ghedh- 'to join, unite, make a bond'

Semantic Fields: to Join, Unite; to Bind

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gada	n	companion, associate	RPN
	gad(e)rian	vb	to collect, gather together, store up	RPN
	gaderian	vb	to gather	W7
	gaderung	n	assembly	RPN
	gaderwist	n	companionship	RPN
	gadrigendlic	adj	collective	RPN
	gæd	n	fellowship	RPN
	gædeling	n	companion, kinsman	RPN
	gædere, gadere, geador	adv	together	W7
	gōd	adj	good, excellent	LRC
	tōgædere	adv	together	RPN
Middle English:	gaderen	vb	to gather	W7
	good	adj	good	W7
	togedere	adv	together	W7
English:	gather	vb	to collect, bring together	AHD/W7
	good	adj	of favorable character/tendency	AHD/W7
	together	adv	in(to) one place/mass/group/collection	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	begatōn	vb	to unite, come together	RPN
	gatiling	n	relative	RPN
	guot	adj	good	W7
Middle High German:	gater	adv	together	W7
Middle Dutch:	gaderen	vb	to unite, come together	RPN
Old Frisian:	gadia	vb	to unite	RPN
	gadur	adv	together	RPN
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	góðr	adj	good	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gadiliggs	n	cousin	RPN
	gōds/gōþs	adj	good	LRC
Baltic
Latvian:	gads	n.masc	year	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	godina	n.fem	time, hour	LRC
	godъ	n	time	RPN
	ugobьziti, ugobьžǫ, ugobьziši	vb	to yield richly	LRC
	ugoditi, ugoždǫ, ugodiši	vb	to please, be pleasing	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	gadh-	vb	to cling, hold fast, hang on to	RPN
	gádhya-ḥ	adj	seized/gained as booty	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)