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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ghend-, and ghed- 'to get, grasp, seize'

Semantic Field: to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Scots Gaelic:	sprēidh	n.fem	cattle	W7
English
Old English:	be-gi(e)tan/bi-gi(e)tan	vb	to beget, produce	LRC
	bi-ginnan/be-ginnan	vb	to begin	IEW/ASD
	for-gietan	vb	to forget	GED
	gi(e)tan	vb.str	to get, obtain, receive	GED/RPN/ASD
Middle English:	apprehenden	vb	to apprehend	W7
	aprentis/apprentice	n	apprentice	W7/CDC
	begeten/beyeten	vb	to beget	W7
	beginnen	vb	to begin	W7
	comprehenden	vb	to comprehend	W7
	comprisen	vb	to comprise	W7
	emprise	n	emprise	W7
	enterprise	n	enterprise	W7
	forgeten	vb	to forget	W7
	gessen	vb	to guess	W7
	geten	vb	to get	W7
	misprision	n	misprision	W7
	preie	n	prey	W7
	preyen	vb	to prey	W7
	prien	vb	to pry	W7
	prise	n	prize	W7
	prison	n	prison	W7
	reprehenden	vb	to reprehend	W7
	reprisail	n	reprisal	W7
	reprise	n	reprise	W7
	surprise	n	surprise	W7
English:	apprehend	vb	to seize, arrest; learn, perceive	AHD/W7
	apprentice	n	trainee, one indentured to serve another	AHD/W7
	apprise	vb.trans	to tell, give notice to	AHD/W7
	beget, begat/begot, begotten	vb.str.trans	to sire, procreate as father	AHD/W7
	begin, began, begun	vb.str	to commence, do first part, take first steps	W7
	comprehend	vb.trans	to understand, grasp meaning of	AHD/W7
	comprise	vb.trans	to contain, include	AHD/W7
	depredate	vb	to ravage, plunder	AHD/W7
	emprise	n	enterprise, undertaking	AHD/W7
	enterprise	n	risky/difficult/complicated project/undertaking	AHD/W7
	entrepreneur	n	one who manages/organizes/assumes risks of business/enterprise	AHD/W7
	forget, forgot, forgotten	vb.str	to lose memory of	AHD/W7
	get, got, gotten	vb.str	to take/gain possession of	AHD/W7
	guess	vb	to form opinion with little/no evidence	AHD/W7
	impresario	n	manager/conductor of opera/concert company	AHD/W7
	misprision	n	neglect/poor performance of official duty	AHD/W7
	osprey	n	fish-eating hawk	AHD
	predatory	adj	preying on others	AHD
	prehensile	adj	adapted for prehension by wrapping around	AHD/W7
	prehension	n	(act of) grasping/seizing	AHD
	prey	n	spoil, booty	AHD/W7
	prey	vb.intrans	to raid for booty	AHD/W7
	prison	n	state of confinement/captivity	AHD/W7
	prize	n	thing taken by force/threat/stratagem	AHD/W7
	pry	vb.intrans	to peer, look closely/inquisitively	AHD/W7
	reprehend	vb.trans	to censure, voice disapproval of	AHD/W7
	reprieve	vb.trans	to respite, delay punishment of	AHD/W7
	reprisal	n	act/practice of using force less than war to redress grievances	AHD/W7
	reprise	n	charge/deduction taken yearly out of manor/estate	AHD/W7
	reprise	vb.trans	to take back	AHD/W7
	spree	n	unrestrained indulgence/outburst of activity	AHD/W7
	surprise	n	attack made without warning	AHD/W7
Scots English:	spreath	n	foray, cattle raid	W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	ur-jeta/for-jeta	vb	to forget	GED/ASD
Old Saxon:	bi-getan	vb	to seize	GED/RPN
	bi-ginnan	vb	to begin	IEW
	far-getan/for-getan	vb	to forget	GED/ASD
Old High German:	bi-ginnan	vb	to begin	IEW
	fir-gezzan	vb.str	to forget	GED
	gezan	vb	to get, obtain	ASD
	pi-gezzan	vb.str	to uphold	GED
German:	vergessen	vb	to forget	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	geta	vb	to get, obtain; guess	LRC
Old Icelandic:	gāta	n.str.fem	riddle	GED
	geta	n.str.fem	assumption	GED
	geta	vb	to attain, produce; guess	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	bi-gitan	vb.str.V	to find, meet	LRC
Italic
Latin:	adprehendo, adprehendere	vb	to apprehend	CDC
	apprehendo, apprehendere	vb	to seize, apprehend	W7
	apprendo, apprendere	vb	to learn	W7
	comprehendo, comprehendere	vb	to comprise; comprehend	W7
	-hendere	vb.sfx	to take	W7
	praeda	n.fem	prey, booty	W7
	praedor, praedārī	vb.dep	to plunder, prey upon, seize booty	W7
	prehendō, prehendere, prehendi, prehensus	vb	to grasp, seize	GED/RPN
	prehensio, prehensionis	n.fem	act of seizing	W7
	prēndō, prēndere	vb	to press, take	W7
	reprehendo, reprehendere	vb	to hold back	W7
Vulgar Latin:	*apprenditīcius	n	apprentice	AHD
	imprehendo, imprehendere	vb	to undertake	W7
Late Latin:	depraedor, depraedari, depraedavi, depraedatus	vb.dep	to hunt, depredate	W7
Middle Latin:	apprenticius	n	apprentice	CDC
Portuguese:	apprehender	vb	to apprehend	CDC
	apprendiz	n	apprentice	CDC
Spanish:	apprendiz	n	apprentice	CDC
	aprehender	vb	to apprehend	CDC
Old French:	ap(p)rehendre	vb	to apprehend	CDC
	apprentis	n	apprentice	CDC
	aprendre	vb	to learn	W7
	aprentis	n.masc	apprentice	W7
	emprendre	vb	to undertake	W7
	emprise	n.fem	undertaking, military expedition, glorious deed	W7
	entreprendre	vb	to undertake	W7
	entrepreneur	n.masc	undertaker	W7
	mesprendre, mespris	vb	to make a mistake	W7
	mesprison	n.masc	error	W7
	preie	n.fem	prey	W7
	preier	vb	to prey on, to seize booty	W7
	prendre	vb	to take	W7
	prise	n.fem	act of taking	W7
	prison	n.fem	jail	W7
	reprendre	vb	to take back	W7
	reprise	n.fem	action of taking back	W7
Middle French:	apprendre	vb	to apprehend	CDC
	aprentis	n.masc	apprentice	W7
	comprendre, compris	vb	to understand	W7
	emprise	n.fem	grip	W7
	entreprendre	vb	to undertake	W7
	entreprise	n.fem	enterprise, undertaking	W7
	mesprison	n.masc	error, wrongdoing	W7
	prendre	vb	to take	W7
	reprendre, repris	vb	to take back	W7
	reprisaille	n.fem	reprisal	W7
	reprise	n.fem	action of taking back	W7
	surprendre	vb	to take over, surprise	W7
	surprise	n.fem	taking over, surprise	W7
French:	appréhender	vb	to apprehend: arrest	CDC
	apprendre, appris	vb	to apprehend: perceive	W7
	apprenti	n.masc	apprentice	CDC
	entrepreneur	n.masc	contractor	W7
	préhensile	adj	prehensile, seizing objects	W7
Old Occitan:	apprehendar	vb	to apprehend	CDC
	apprentice	n	apprentice	CDC
Old Italian:	riprendere, ripresi, ripreso	vb	to take back	W7
	ripresaglia	n.fem	reprisal	W7
Italian:	apprendere	vb	to apprehend	CDC
	imprendere	vb	to undertake	W7
	impresa	n.fem	undertaking, firm	W7
	impresario	n.masc	contractor, manager	W7/CID
Slavic
Russian:	za-gádka	n	riddle	GED
Albanian
Albanian:	gjen	vb	to find	GED
	gjëndem/gjindem	vb	to be found	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	χανδάνω	vb	to take in, hold, contain, comprise	GED/RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
V	=	class 5
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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