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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g̑herdh- 'to enclose, encircle, encompass'

Semantic Fields: Circle; to Shut, Close

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	gort	n	seeded field	LRC
English
Old English:	geard	n.masc	yard, enclosure; fence	LRC
	gyrdan	vb	to gird	RPN
	gyrdel	n	girdle, belt	RPN
	ortgeard	n.masc	orchard, garden	W7/ASD
Middle English:	gardin	n	garden	W7
	garth	n	garth, small yard	W7
	girdel	n	girdle	W7
	girden	vb	to strike, thrust	W7
	girten	vb	to girt	W7
	girth	n	girth	W7
	orchard	n	orchard	W7
	yard	n	yard, enclosure	W7
English:	Asgard	prop.n	realm of the Aesir (Norse mythology)	LRC
	garden	n	plot of ground for cultivating herbs/fruits/flowers/vegetables	AHD/W7
	garth	n	small yard/enclosure	AHD/W7
	gird	vb	to encircle/bind with flexible band	AHD/W7
	girdle	n	garment that encircles/confines	AHD/W7
	girt	vb	to gird	AHD/W7
	girth	n	band/strap around animal's body for fastening things on back	AHD/W7
	jardiniere	n	ornamental plant/flower stand	AHD/W7
	kindergarten	n	young children's class/school	AHD/W7
	orchard	n	garden of fruit/nut trees	AHD/W7
	yard	n	court, small area open to sky/adjacent to building	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	gart	n	enclosure	W7
	garto	n	garden	LRC
	gurten	vb	to gird	RPN
	gurtil	n	girdle	W7
German:	Garten	n.masc	garden	W7
	Kindergarten	n.masc	kindergarten	W7
Old Frisian:	gerda	vb	to gird	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	āsgarðr	n	Asgard, residence of the gods in Norse mythology	W7
	garðr	n.masc	fence; enclosure, court	LRC
	gjörþ	n	girth	W7
Old Icelandic:	gyrða	vb	to gird (with a belt)	RPN
	gyrðill	n	girdle	RPN
E-Germanic
Gothic:	bi-gairdan	vb	to gird (about)	RPN
	gairda	n	girdle	RPN
	gards	n.str.masc	house, household	LRC
	uf-gairdan	vb	to gird up	RPN
Italic
Latin:	urbs, urbis	n.fem	city	LRC
French:	jardinière	n.fem	female gardener; suspended pot for plants	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	gar̃das	n	fence; enclosure	RPN
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	gradъ	n.masc	city, fortification	LRC
	gradьcь	n.masc	town, garden	LRC
Bulgarian:	gradъ	n	castle, palace	LRC
Serbo-Croatian:	grâd	n	castle, palace	LRC
Russian:	gorod	n	city	LRC
Polish:	gród	n	castle, palace	LRC
Czech:	hrad	n	castle, palace	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	garth	n	hedge	RPN
Hellenic
Hesychius' Lexicon:	κορθις	n	heap	LRC
Anatolian
Hittite:	gurtas	n	fortress	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	gərəða-	n	house, dwelling; inhabited cave	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	gṛhá-ḥ	n	house, dwelling	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)