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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g̑héslo- 'thousand, chiliad'

Semantic Field: Number

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	mīl	n	mile	W7
Middle English:	mile	n	mile	W7
	milioun	n	million	W7
English:	chiliad	n	1000	AHD/W7
	kilo-	pfx	thousand	AHD/W7
	mil	n	unit of length: 1/1000 inch	AHD/W7
	mile	n	unit of distance: 5,280 feet	AHD/W7
	millefleur	n	background of (lit. 1000) small plants/flowers	AHD
	millenary	adj	re: 1000	AHD/W7
	millenary	n	1000 units/things	AHD/W7
	millepore	n	large stony hydrozoan coral	AHD/W7
	millesimal	n	thousandth	AHD/W7
	milli-	pfx	thousandth	AHD/W7
	milliary	adj	marking Roman mile	AHD/W7
	millime	n	Tunisian currency unit	AHD
	million	nbr.card	1000 thousand (1,000,000)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	mīl(l)a	n	mile	W7/ASD
German:	Kilo	pfx	kilo-	LRC
	Meile	n.fem	mile	LRC
	milli-	pfx	milli-	LRC
	Million	nbr.card	million	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	míla	n	mile	ASD
E-Germanic
Crimean Gothic:	hazer	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	CGo/GED
Italic
Latin:	milia	n.neut.pl	miles, thousands	W7
	miliarius	adj	consisting of 1000; one mile long	W7
	mille, milli-	nbr.card/pfx	thousand, milli-	W7
	millenarius	adj	re: a thousand	W7
	milleni	adv	one thousand each	W7
	millesimus	adj	thousandth	W7
	milliarius	adj	containing a thousand	W7
Late Latin:	chilias, chiliadis	nbr.card	chiliad	W7
	millenarium	n.neut	millenary	W7
	millenarius	adj	of a thousand	W7
Middle French:	milion	nbr.card.masc	million	W7
French:	kilo-	pfx	kilo-	W7
	mille-fleur(s)	n	millefleur	AHD
	milli-	pfx	thousand, milli-	W7
Old Italian:	milione	nbr.card.masc	million	W7
	mille	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	chilias	nbr.card	chiliad	W7
Iranian
Middle Persian:	hazār	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	GED
Persian:	hazār	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	IEW
Indic
Sanskrit:	sahasra	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
card	=	cardinal
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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