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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g^u̯ou- 'cow, ox'

Semantic Fields: Cow; Ox, Steer

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	bó	n	cow	RPN
English
Old English:	cū	n	cow	RPN
Middle English:	beef	n	beef	W7
	bugle	n	bugle	W7
	cou	n	cow	W7
English:	beef	n	flesh of adult domestic bovine	AHD/W7
	Bootes	prop.n	circumpolar constellation of the northern sky	LRC
	bovine	adj	re: ox/cow	AHD/W7
	bugle	n	brass instrument with cupped mouthpiece (like trumpet)	AHD/W7
	butyric	adj	re: a certain isomeric fatty acid	AHD/W7
	cow	n	mature female of cattle	AHD/W7
	gaur	n	East Indian wild ox	AHD/W7
	gunny	n	coarse jute sacking	AHD/W7
	proboscis	n	trunk (e.g. of elephant)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	kuo/chuo	n	cow	W7
Old Saxon:	kō	n	cow	RPN
Old Frisian:	kū	n	cow	RPN
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	kýr	n.fem	cow	LRC
Italic
Latin:	bōs, bovis	n.masc/fem	ox, bull, cow	RPN
	buculus	n.masc	little ox	W7
	butyrum	n.neut	butter	W7
	proboscis	n.fem	a growth	W7
Late Latin:	bōs, bovis	n.masc/fem	bull, ox, cow	W7
	bovinus	adj	of cattle	W7
Old French:	buef	n.masc	ox, beef	W7
	bugle	n.masc	ox, bugle	W7
French:	butyrique	adj	re: butter	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	gauja	n.fem	herd, band	W7
Latvian:	gotiņa	n.fem	little cow	LRC
	gùovs	n	cow	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	boskein	vb	to feed	W7
	βοῦς	n.masc/fem	ox, bull, cow	LRC
	Boōtēs	n.masc	plowman	W7
	πουλυβότειρα	adj	all nourishing, fruitful	LRC
	proboskis	n.fem	means of providing food	W7/LS
Armenian
Armenian:	kov	n	cow	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	gāuš	n	ox, bull, cow	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	gáuḥ, go-	n	ox, bull, cow	RPN
	gaura	n	bull, wild ox	W7
Hindi:	ganī	n	coarse jute sacking	W7
	gaur	n	wild ox	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	ko	n	cow	RPN
Tocharian B:	ke_u	n	cow	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th ed. (1889, rev. 2001)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)