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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g^u̯hedh- 'to ask, beg, wish for'

Semantic Fields: to Ask, Request; to Will, Wish

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	guidiu	vb	to ask for	LRC
Welsh:	gweddi	n	prayer	LRC
English
Middle English:	manifest	adj	manifest	W7
English:	infest	vb.trans	to spread/swarm in/over in troublesome manner	AHD/W7
	manifest	adj	readily perceived by senses, esp. by sight	AHD/W7
	manifest	n	list, invoice, indication, declaration	W7
W-Germanic
German:	Manifest	n.neut	manifest	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	geð	n.neut	mind, wits, sense; disposition, inclination	LRC
Italic
Latin:	-festus	sfx	hit	W7
	infesto, infestāre	vb	to infest, ravage	W7
	infestus	adj/vb.ptc	hostile	W7
	manifestus	adj	manifest, obvious	W7
Middle French:	infester	vb	to infest, invade	W7
	manifeste	adj	obvious	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	gedáuti	vb	to desire	LRC
	goodas	n	desire, longing	LRC
Slavic
Polish:	żądza	n	greed, wish, desire	LRC
Old Church Slavonic:	žędati, žęždǫ, žęždeši	vb	to thirst, desire, covet	LRC
	zeml'ja	n.fem	earth, land	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	polythestos	adj	very desirous	LRC
	pynthanesthai	vb	to learn by inquiry	W7
Iranian
Old Persian:	ǰadiyāmiy	vb	to ask for	LRC
Avestan:	ǰaiδyemi	vb	to ask for	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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