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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. g^u̯hen(-ə)- 'to hit, strike'

Semantic Field: to Strike, Hit, Beat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	gonim	vb	to wound, slay	RPN
	guin	n	wound	RPN
English
Old English:	gūþ	n	war, battle	RPN
Middle English:	defenden	vb	to defend	W7
	defens, defense	n	defense	W7
	fenden	vb	to defend	W7
	fens	n	fence, defense	W7
	gonne, gunne	n	gun	W7
	offenden	vb	to offend	W7
	offense	n	offense	W7
English:	defend	vb	to prevent	AHD/W7
	defense	n	act of defending/preventing	AHD/W7
	fence	n	defense, means of protection	AHD/W7
	fend	vb	to defend	AHD/W7
	gonfalon	n	ensign of certain princes/states (medieval Italy)	AHD/W7
	gun	n	piece of ordnance with high muzzle velocity/flat trajectory	AHD/W7
	offend	vb	to sin, transgress moral/divine law	AHD/W7
	offense	n	act of stumbling	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	gund-	n	war, battle	RPN
Old Saxon:	gūðea	n	battle	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	gandr	n.masc	magic staff/spirit	LRC
	guðr	n.fem	battle	LRC
Old Icelandic:	gunnr	n	war, battle	RPN
Italic
Latin:	dēfendō, dēfendere, defendī, defensus	vb	to defend, repel, ward off	RPN
	-fendere	sfx	to strike	W7
	offendō, offendere	vb	to hit, strike, knock, dash against	RPN
	offēnsō, offēnsāre	vb.freq	to strike, dash against	RPN
	offensus	vb.ptc	offended	W7
Vulgar Latin:	defensa	n.fem	defense	W7
Italian:	gonfalone	n.masc	gonfalon, standard, banner	W7/CID
Old French:	defendre	vb	to defend	W7
	defense	n.fem	defense	W7
Middle French:	offendre	vb	to offend	W7
	offense	n.fem	offense	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	geniù, genė́ti	vb	to lop, prune, trim	RPN
	genù, giñti	vb	to drive	RPN
	gìnti, gìna, gýnė	vb	to defend; drive (cattle)	LRC
Latvian:	dzìt	vb	to drive (cattle)	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ženǫ	vb	to drive	LRC
Serbo-Croatian:	prijègon	n	battle	LRC
Russian:	gon	n	hunt, driving	LRC
Czech:	úhona	n	damage, injury	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	gjanj	vb	to hunt	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	φόνος	n	bloodshed, murder, slaughter	RPN
Anatolian
Hittite:	ku-en-zi	vb	to strike, kill, slay	RPN
Armenian
Armenian:	ganem	vb	to strike, beat	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	ǰainti	vb	to strike, beat, kill	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	hánti	vb	to smite, hurt, kill	RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	kũnac	n	battle	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)