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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g^u̯her- 'hot, warm'

Semantic Field: Hot, Warm

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Breton:	gred	n	warmth	LRC
Old Irish:	fogeir	vb	to heat, warm up	LRC
Middle Irish:	gert	n	milk	W7
English
Old English:	gearu	adj	prepared	LRC
	wearm	adj	warm	LRC
Middle English:	furnas	n	furnace	W7
	warm	adj	warm	LRC
English:	forceps	n	instrument for grasping/holding/exerting traction	AHD/W7
	furnace	n	enclosed structure for producing heat	AHD/W7
	ghee	n	semifluid clarified butter	AHD/W7
	-therm	n.sfx	animal having (specified) body temperature	AHD/W7
	therm	n	unit of heat quantity	AHD/W7
	-thermy	n.sfx	state of heat	AHD/W7
	warm	adj	moderately heated	LRC
W-Germanic
Old High German:	garo	adj	ready	LRC
	warm	adj	warm	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	varmr	adj	warm	LRC
Old Icelandic:	gera	adj	ready, prepared	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	warmjan	vb	to warm	LRC
Italic
Latin:	forceps	n.masc	pliers	W7
	formus	adj	hot, warm	W7
	fornax, fornacis	n.fem	furnace, oven, fireplace	W7
	Germanus, Germana, Germanum	adj	of the Germans	LRC
New Latin:	-thermia	sfx	-thermy, heat	W7
Old French:	fornaise	n.fem	fireplace	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	goro	n	hearth	LRC
Lithuanian:	gãras	n.masc	steam	LRC
	vìrti	vb	to cook, boil	LRC
Latvian:	garš	n.masc	steam; spirit	LRC
	virt	vb	to cook, boil	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	goritъ	vb	to burn	LRC
Serbo-Croatian:	bitter	n	hearth	LRC
Russian:	gorn	n	hearth	LRC
Polish:	garniec	n	pot	LRC
Czech:	horký	adj	warm	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	zjarm	adj	warm	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	θερμός	adj	hot, warm	LRC
	θέρος	n	summer, warm season	LRC
	θέρω	vb	to warm, be warm	LRC
Greek:	thermē	n.fem	heat	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	war-(nu-)	vb	to burn, set afire	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	jerm	vb	to heat	LRC
	ǰer	n	warmth	LRC
	varim	vb	to burn	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	garəmo	adj	warm	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	gharmá-	n	hot coals	LRC
	ghṛta	n	milk, clarified butter	W7
	háras	adj	glowing	LRC
Hindi:	ghī	n	clarified butter	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	śärme	adj	warm	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
sfx	=	suffix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)