The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Keep dead languages alive

We need your help to preserve & document ancient languages. Participate today.

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: i̯ē- : i̯ə- 'to do, throw, project'

Semantic Fields: to Do, Make; to Throw

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	abject	adj	abject	W7
	adjacent	adj	adjacent	W7
	adjective	adj	adjective	W7
	amis	n	amice	W7
	conjecture	n	conjecture	W7
	dejecten	vb	to deject, throw down	W7
	ejecten	vb	to eject	W7
	ges	n	jess	W7
	giste	n	joist	W7
	jette	n	jetty	W7
	jetteson	n	jettison	W7
	object	n	object	W7
	objecten	vb	to object	W7
	pargetten	vb	to parget	W7
	proiecte	n	project	W7
	rejecten	vb	to reject	W7
	subject	n	subject	W7
English:	abject	adj	sunk to low condition	AHD/W7
	adjacent	adj	nearby, not distant	AHD/W7
	adjective	adj	re: adjective	AHD/W7
	adjective	n	noun modifier	W7
	amice	n	liturgical vestment worn about neck/shoulders under alb	AHD/W7
	catheter	n	tubular medical device inserted into canals/vessels/passageways/body cavities	AHD/W7
	circumjacent	adj	surrounding, lying around, bordering on all sides	AHD
	conjecture	n	interpretation of omens	AHD/W7
	deject	vb.trans	to make gloomy	AHD/W7
	diesis	n	double dagger	AHD/W7
	ejaculate	vb	to eject from living body	AHD/W7
	eject	vb.trans	to drive out by physical force	AHD/W7
	enema	n	injection of liquid into intestine by way of anus	AHD/W7
	gist	n	basis for legal action	AHD/W7
	gite	n	simple rural vacation retreat	AHD
	inject	vb.trans	to throw/drive/force into	AHD/W7
	interject	vb.trans	to interpolate, throw in between/among other things	AHD/W7
	jactitation	n	boastful public assertion	AHD/W7
	jess	n	short strap secured on hawk's leg	AHD/W7
	jettison	n	voluntary cargo sacrifice to lighten ship's load when in distress	AHD/W7
	jetty	n	structure extended into sea/lake/river to influence tide/current and/or protect harbor	AHD/W7
	joist	n	small timber/beam running wall-to-wall to support floor/ceiling	AHD/W7
	object	n	something seen/touched/otherwise sensed	AHD/W7
	object	vb	to cite as objection, offer in opposition	AHD/W7
	paresis	n	slight/partial paralysis	AHD/W7
	parget	vb.trans	to coat with plaster	AHD/W7
	project	n	scheme, specific plan/design	AHD/W7
	project	vb.trans	to throw/cast forward	AHD/W7
	reject	vb.trans	to refuse to submit/acquiesce/acknowledge	AHD/W7
	subjacent	adj	lying below/under	AHD/W7
	subject	n	one (placed) under control/authority	AHD/W7
	superjacent	adj	overlying, lying above/upon	AHD/W7
	synesis	n	[grammatical construction re:] agreement/reference according to sense not syntax	AHD/W7
	traject	vb.trans	to transmit	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Projekt	n.neut	project	LRC
	Subjekt	n.neut	subject	LRC
Italic
Latin:	abicio, abicere, abieci, abiectus	vb	to cast off	W7
	adjacens, adjacentis	vb.pres.ptc	neighbouring	W7
	adjaceo, adjacēre, adjacuī	vb	to lie near	W7
	adjicio, adjicere, adjēcī, adjectus	vb	to throw to, add	W7
	amicio, amicīre, amicuī, amictus	vb	to wrap around	W7
	amictus, amictūs	n.masc	cloak, outer garment	W7
	amictus	adj/vb.ptc	clad, thrown around	W7
	conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus	vb	to throw together; conjecture	W7
	conjectura	n.fem	conjecture, supposition	W7
	deicio, deicere, deieci, deiectus	vb	to throw, throw out, reject	W7
	diesis	n.masc	diesis	W7
	eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectus	vb	to eject	W7
	ejaculor, ejaculāri, ejaculātus	vb	to throw out	W7
	inicio, inicere, inieci, iniectus	vb	to throw in	W7
	interico, intericere, interieci, interiectus	vb	to throw between	W7
	jaceō, jacēre, jacuī	vb	to lie, recline	W7
	jaciō, jacere, jēcī, iactus	vb	to throw, cast, hurl	W7
	jactatio, jactationis	n.fem	action of throwing	W7
	jactō, jactāre, jactāvī, jactātus	vb.freq	to throw, cast, hurl	W7
	jaculor, jaculārī	vb.dep	to throw	W7
	jaculum	n.neut	dart	W7
	obicio, obicere, obieci, obiectus	vb	to throw in the way, hinder	W7
	proicio, proicere, proieci, proiectus	vb	to throw forward	W7
	reicio, reicere, reieci, reiectus	vb	to throw back	W7
	subicio, subicere	vb	to subject, throw under	W7
	subjaceō, subjacēre	vb	to lie under	W7
	subjectum	n.neut	subject of a proposition	W7
	subjectus	vb.ptc	one under authority, thrown under	W7
	superjaceō, superjacēre	vb	to lie over/upon	W7
	trajectus	vb.ptc	crossed	W7
Vulgar Latin:	jacitum	vb.ptc	laid down	W7
Late Latin:	adjectivus	n.masc	adjective	W7
	catheter	n.masc	catheter	W7
	enema	n.neut	the injection of liquid in the intestine by way of the anus	W7
	jactitatio, jactitationis	n.fem	act of bringing forward in public	W7
	jactitō, jactitāre, jactitāvī, jactitātus	vb.freq	to bring forward in public	W7
	jactō, jactāre	vb	to throw around	W7
Medieval Latin:	amictus	n.masc	a throwing around	W7
New Latin:	paresis	n.fem	slight/partial paralysis	W7
	synesis	n.fem	synesis	W7
Old French:	adjectif	n	adjective	AHD
	amit, amis	n	cloak, amice	AHD
	gesir	vb	to lie, recline	AHD
	getaison	n.fem	action of throwing	W7
	giste	n.fem	gite, lair, lodging	AHD
Anglo-French:	getteson	n.fem	action of throwing	W7
	gist	n.fem	basis for legal action	W7
Middle French:	adjectif	adj	adjective	W7
	amit	n.masc	cloak, amice	W7
	conjecture	n.fem	conjecture	W7
	gesir	vb	to lie	W7
	gies	n.masc	a throw	W7
	gist	n.masc	gist	W7
	giste	vb.ptc.fem	lying	W7
	jet	n.masc	throw	W7
	jeté, jetee	vb.ptc	thrown	W7
	jeter	vb	to throw	W7
	parjeter	vb	to throw on top of	W7
	pourjet	n.masc	plan	W7
	pourjeter	vb	to throw forward	W7
	subject	n.masc	one under authority	W7
French:	gîte	n	gite, lair, lodging	AHD
	jeter	vb	to throw	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	diesis	n.fem	diesis	W7
	diienai	vb	to send through	W7
	enienai	vb	to inject	W7
	hienai	vb	to send	W7
	kathetēr	n.masc	catheter	W7
	kathienai	vb	to send down	W7
	πάρεσις	n.fem	remission, a letting go	LS
	parienai	vb	to let fall	W7
	synesis	n.fem	understanding, sense	W7
	συνίημι	vb	to understand, bring together	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next