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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. kā̆i-, kī̆- 'heat'

Semantic Field: Hot, Warm

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hǣtan	vb.wk	to heat	RPN/ASD
	hǣte	n.fem	heat, inflammation	RPN
	hǣto/hǣtu	n.fem	heat, inflammation	RPN
	hās	adj	hoarse	IEW
	hāt	adj	hot, fervid	LRC
Middle English:	heten	vb	to heat	W7
	ho(r)s	adj	hoarse	W7
	hot	adj	hot	W7
English:	heat	n	warmth, condition of being hot	W7
	heat	vb	to make/become warm/hot	AHD/W7
	hoarse	adj	rough/harsh/grating in sound	IEW/W7
	hot	adj	having high temperature	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hēt	adj	hot	RPN
	hēte	n.fem	heat	ASD
Old Saxon:	hēt	adj	hot	RPN
	hēt	n.neut	heat	ASD
Old High German:	heiz	adj	hot	RPN
	heiz(i)	n.fem	heat	ASD
German:	heiss	adj	hot	ASD
	heizen	vb	to heat	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	hāss	adj	hoarse	IEW
	heita	vb	to heat	RPN
	heitr	adj	hot, burning	RPN
	hiti	n	heat, warmth	RPN
Icelandic:	heita	vb	to heat	ASD
	heitr	adj	hot	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	heitō	n.fem	fever	RPN/ASD
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kaistù, kaitaũ, kaĩsti	vb	to heat up, get warm	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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