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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kan- 'to sing, sound'

Semantic Fields: to Sing; Sound (n)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	canim	vb	to sing	RPN
English
Old English:	hana	n	rooster	W7
	henn	n	hen	W7
Middle English:	canticle	n	canticle	W7
	Chantecleer	prop.n	rooster in verse narratives	W7
	chanten	vb	to chant	W7
	chanterie	n	chantry	W7
	charme	n	charm	W7
	dyscant	n	descant	W7
	enchanten	vb	to enchant	W7
	hen	n	hen	W7
	incantacioun	n	incantation	W7
	incentive	n	incentive	W7
English:	accent	n	distinctive manner of oral expression	AHD/W7
	canorous	adj	melodious, sounding pleasantly	AHD/W7
	cantabile	adv	in singing manner	AHD/W7
	cantata	n	choral composition	AHD/W7
	canticle	n	song	AHD/W7
	cantillate	vb.trans	to recite with improvised musical tones	AHD/W7
	canto	n	major division of long poem	AHD/W7
	cantor	n	precentor, choir leader	AHD/W7
	canzone	n	medieval lyric poem of Italy/Provence	AHD/W7
	chant	vb	to sing, make melodic vocal sounds	AHD/W7
	chanteuse	n	female concert/nightclub singer	AHD/W7
	chantey	n	sailor's song, sung in rhythm with work	AHD/W7
	chanticleer	n	cock	AHD/W7
	chantry	n	endowment for chanting of masses	AHD/W7
	charm	n	incantation, chanting/reciting of magic spell	AHD/W7
	descant	n	melody/counterpoint sung above plainsong of tenor	AHD/W7
	enchant	vb.trans	to bewitch, influence by charms/incantation	AHD/W7
	hen	n	female domestic fowl over 1 year old	AHD/W7
	incantation	n	spells/verbal charms sung/spoken as part of magic ritual	AHD/W7
	incentive	n	something tending to incite action/determination	AHD/W7
	oscine	adj	passerine	AHD/W7
	precentor	n	choral/congregational song leader	AHD/W7
	recant	vb	to renounce, withdraw/repudiate formally/publicly	AHD/W7
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hana	n	cock	RPN
Italic
Umbrian:	kanetu	vb	to sing, play music	RPN
Latin:	accentus	n.masc	ascent	W7
	canō, canere, cecinī, cantum	vb	to sing, sound, play	RPN
	canor	n.masc	melody	W7
	canorus	adj	melodious	W7
	cantata	n.fem	sung mass, ecclesiastical chant	W7
	canticulum	n.neut	short song	W7
	canticum	n.neut	song	W7
	cantillo, cantillare, cantillavi, cantillatus	vb	to sing low	W7
	cantio, cantionis	n.fem	song	W7
	canto, cantāre, cantāvī, cantātus	vb	to sing	W7
	cantor	n.masc	singer	W7
	cantus	n.masc	song	W7
	carmen, carminis	n.neut	song	W7
	incanto, incantare, incantavi, incantatus	vb	to enchant	W7
	incentivus	adj	setting the tune	W7
	incino, incinere	vb	to set the tune	W7
	oscen	n.neut	bird used in divination	W7
	praecino, praecinere, praececini, praecentus	vb	to sing before	W7
	recanto, recantare	vb	to sing again	W7
Late Latin:	cantabilis	adj	worthy to be sung	W7
	incantatio, incantionis	n.fem	incantation	W7
	incentivum	n.neut	incentive	W7
	incentivus	adj	stimulating	W7
	praecentor	n.masc	choir leader	W7
Medieval Latin:	discantus	n.masc	song	W7
Italian:	cantabile	adj	singable, song-like	W7
	cantata	n.fem	sung, High Mass	W7
	canto	n.masc	corner, angle	W7
	canzone	n.fem	song, ballad	W7
Old French:	Chantecler	prop.n.masc	rooster in Roman de Renart	W7
	charme	n.masc	charm	W7
Old North French:	descant	n.masc	type of plainsong singing	W7
Middle French:	accent	n.masc	accent	W7
	chanter	vb	to sing	W7
	chanterie	n.fem	singing	W7
	enchanter	vb	to enchant	W7
	incantation	n.fem	incantation	W7
French:	chanter	vb	to sing	W7
	chanteur	n.masc	male singer	W7
	chanteuse	n.fem	female singer	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	kokle	n.fem	traditional musical instrument	LRC
	skanīga	adj	sonorous	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	καναχή	n.fem	sharp sound, ring/clang of metal	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)