The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kand-, skand-, and Indo-Iranian (s)kend- 'to glow, shine; bright, candent'

Semantic Fields: to Shine, Glisten; Bright

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	candel(l)/condel(l)	n.fem	candle	W7/ASD
Middle English:	candel	n	candle	W7
	encens	n	incense	W7
	encensen	vb	to incense	W7
English:	candelabrum	n	branched lamp/candlestick with several lights	AHD/W7
	candelilla	n	wax-coated shrub of Texas/Mexico	AHD
	candent	adj	glowing, heated to whiteness	AHD/W7
	candescence	n	candescent state, glowing whiteness	AHD/W7
	candescent	adj	glowing/dazzling (esp. from heat)	AHD/W7
	candid	adj	white	AHD/W7
	candida	n	yeast-like fungus	AHD
	candidate	n	one who offers for office/honor/membership	AHD/W7
	candle	n	cylindrical wax/tallow mass with cotton/linen wick burned to give light	AHD/W7
	candor	n	brilliance, whiteness	AHD/W7
	frankincense	n	fragrant gum resin	AHD/W7
	incandesce	vb	to be(come) incandescent	AHD/W7
	incandescent	adj	bright, candent, luminous	W7
	incendiary	n	one who sets fire to building/other property	AHD/W7
	incense	n	material used to produce fragrant odor when burned	AHD/W7
	incense	vb.trans	to inflame with passion/emotion	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	candela	n.fem	candle	W7
	candelabrum	n.neut	candlestick	W7
	candeo, candēre	vb	to shine, glow, be white	W7
	candidatus	vb.ptc	clothed in white	W7
	candidus, candida, candidum	adj	clear, bright, white	LRC
	incandesco, incandescere	vb	to glow, become hot	W7
	incendiarius	n.masc	one who sets something on fire	W7
	incendium	n.neut	conflagration	W7
	incendo, incendere, incendi, incensus	vb	to set on fire	W7
Spanish:	candela	n	candle	ASD
Old French:	encens	n.masc	incense	W7
Middle French:	incenser	vb	to burn incense	W7
French:	candeur	n.fem	purity, naiveness	W7
	candide	adj	pure, naive	W7
	chandelle	n.fem	candle	ASD
Italian:	candela	n	candle	ASD
Hellenic
Late Greek:	kanderos	adj	ember	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next