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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kap- 'to grab, grasp'

Semantic Field: to Seize, Grasp, Take Hold of

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	caeth	n	slave	RPN
Old Irish:	cachtaim	vb	to take captive	RPN
English
Old English:	behōf	n	behoof, profit	W7/ASD
	behōfian	vb	to behoove	W7
	habban, hæfde, hæfd	vb.wk.III	to have, possess	LRC
	hæfen	n	haven	W7
	hæft	n	haft; bond, fetter; captivity	RPN
	hæftan	vb	to bind, arrest, confine	RPN
	hæften	n	custody	RPN
	hæftnian	vb	to take captive	RPN
	hafoc	n	hawk	W7
	hebban	vb	to lift, raise	W7
	hefeld	n	heddle	W7
	hefig	adj	heavy	W7
Middle English:	acatour	n	cater	W7
	accepten	vb	to accept	W7
	behaven	vb	to behave	W7
	behof	n	behoof	W7
	behoven	vb	to behoove	W7
	cable	n	cable	W7
	cacchen	vb	to catch	W7
	caitif	adj	caitiff	W7
	capcioun	n	caption	W7
	capcious	adj	captious	W7
	capias	n	capias	W7
	captive	adj	captive	W7
	catour	n	cater	W7
	conceiven	vb	to conceive	W7
	coper	n	copper	W7
	deceiven	vb	to deceive	W7
	excepten	vb	to except	W7
	haft	n	haft	W7
	hauk	n	hawk	W7
	haven	n	haven	W7
	haven	vb	to have	W7
	helde	n	heddle	W7
	heven	vb	to heave	W7
	hevy	adj	heavy	W7
	occupien	vb	to occupy	W7
	perceiven	vb	to perceive	W7
	precept	n	precept	W7
	receiven	vb	to receive	W7
	recoveren	vb	to recover	W7
English:	accept	vb	to receive with consent	AHD/W7
	anticipate	vb	to give thought/treatment/discussion in advance	AHD/W7
	behave	vb	to bear/comport (oneself) in particular way	AHD/W7
	behoof	n	profit, advantage	AHD/W7
	behoove	vb	to be proper/necessary/advantageous	AHD/W7
	cable	n	strong rope, esp. 3+ inches in diameter	AHD/W7
	caitiff	adj	base, cowardly, despicable	AHD/W7
	capable	adj	susceptible	AHD/W7
	capacious	adj	able to contain large amount	AHD/W7
	capias	n	legal writ/process commanding officer to arrest person	AHD/W7
	caption	n	part of legal instrument	AHD/W7
	captious	adj	calculated to confuse/entrap/entangle in argument	AHD/W7
	captive	adj	taken/held as prisoner	AHD/W7
	captor	n	one who has captured person/thing	AHD/W7
	capture	n	catching/gaining control by force/guile/stratagem	AHD/W7
	catch	vb	to seize/capture after pursuit	AHD/W7
	cater	n	buyer of provisions	AHD/W7
	cater	vb.intrans	to provide food	AHD/W7
	conceive	vb	to become pregnant	AHD/W7
	cop	vb.trans	to catch, capture	AHD/W7
	copepod	n	small freshwater/marine crustacean	AHD/W7
	copper	n	common reddish ductile/malleable metal	AHD/W7
	deceive	vb	to ensnare	AHD/W7
	except	vb	to exclude, take/leave out	AHD/W7
	forceps	n	instrument for grasping/holding/exerting traction	AHD/W7
	gaff	n	spear(head) for taking fish/turtles	AHD/W7
	haft	n	handle of tool/weapon	AHD/W7
	have	vb	to hold/possess as property	AHD/W7
	haven	n	port, harbor	AHD/W7
	hawk	n	diurnal bird of prey	AHD/W7
	heave	vb	to lift, elevate	AHD/W7
	heavy	adj	having great weight	AHD/W7
	heddle	n	set of parallel cords/wires in loom for guiding warp threads	AHD/W7
	incipient	adj	commencing, beginning to be (apparent)	AHD/W7
	intercept	vb.trans	to stop/interrupt course/progress	AHD/W7
	municipal	adj	re: internal affairs of nation/other political unit	AHD/W7
	nuncupative	adj	oral, not written	AHD/W7
	occupy	vb.trans	to engage attention/energies of	AHD/W7
	participate	vb	to partake	AHD/W7
	perceive	vb.trans	to attain awareness/understanding of	AHD/W7
	precept	n	command/principle intended as general rule	AHD/W7
	receive	vb	to get, take/come into possession of	AHD/W7
	recipe	n	prescription	AHD/W7
	recover	vb	to regain, get back	AHD/W7
	recuperate	vb	to regain, get back	AHD/W7
	susceptible	adj	re: submitting to action/process/operation	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	giheftan	vb	to fetter	RPN
	habēn	vb	to have	W7
	habuh	n	hawk	W7
	haft	n	captivity	RPN
	hebīc	adj	heavy	W7
	hevan	vb	to heave	W7
	kouf	n	trade	W7
	kupfar	n	copper	W7
Middle High German:	habene	n	haven	W7
Dutch:	kapen	vb	to steal	W7
Frisian:	kāpia	vb	to take away	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hafa, hafað	vb	to have, keep, hold; accept	LRC
	hafald	n	heddle	W7
	hefja	vb	to lift, raise	LRC
Old Icelandic:	haft	n	bond, chain	RPN
E-Germanic
Gothic:	haban	vb.wk.III	to have	LRC
	*haftjan	vb	to hold fast	RPN
Italic
Latin:	accepto, acceptare	vb	to accept, receive	W7
	accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus	vb	to receive	W7
	anticipo, anticipare, anticipavi, anticipatus	vb	to anticipate	W7
	capax, capacis	adj	capable, capacious	W7
	capio, capere, cēpi, captum	vb	to take, seize	RPN
	captio, captionis	n.fem	seizure	W7
	captiosus	adj	deceitful	W7
	captivus	adj	captive	W7
	capto, captare	vb.freq	to chase	W7
	captura	n.fem	capture	W7
	-cipare/-cupare	vb.inf.sfx	to take, seize	W7
	concipio, concipere	vb	to take in, to conceive	W7
	Cyprium	prop.n.neut	Cyprian metal, copper	W7
	decipio, decipere	vb	to deceive, catch	W7
	excepto, exceptāre	vb	to take out	W7
	excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptus	vb	to except, take out	W7
	forceps	n.masc	pliers	W7
	incipiens, incipientis	adj/vb.ptc	beginning	W7
	incipio, incipere	vb	to begin	W7
	intercipio, intercipere, intercepi, interceptus	vb	to catch in between	W7
	municeps, municipis	n.masc	inhabitant of municipality; undertaker of duties	W7
	municipalis	adj	of a municipality	W7
	nuncupo, nuncupare, nuncupavi, nuncupatus	vb	to name, contraction of {nomen capere}	W7
	occupo, occupare	vb	to seize, occupy	W7
	particeps, participis	n.masc	participant	W7
	participo, participare, participavi, participatus	vb	to share, involve, participate	W7
	percipio, percipere	vb	to perceive, seize	W7
	praeceptum	n.neut	precept	W7
	praecipio, praecipere, praecepi, praeceptus	vb	to take beforehand, instruct	W7
	recipio, recipere	vb	to receive	W7
	recupero, recuperare, recuperavi, recuperatus	vb	to recuperate	W7
	suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus	vb	to take up	W7
Vulgar Latin:	captio, captiāre	vb	to take, to seize	W7
Late Latin:	capabilis	adj	capable	W7
	captor	n.masc	someone who captures	W7
	cuprum	n.neut	copper	W7
	nuncupativus	adj	so-called	W7
	susceptibilis	adj	susceptible	W7
Medieval Latin:	capulum	n.neut	lasso	W7
	nuncupativus	adj	nuncupative	W7
Old French:	conceivre	vb	to conceive	W7
	deceivre	vb	to deceive, to disappoint	W7
	perceivre	vb	to perceive	W7
Old North French:	acater	vb	to buy	W7
	cable	n.masc	strong rope	W7
	cachier	vb	to hunt	W7
	caitif	adj	captive, vile	W7
	receivre	vb	to receive	W7
Anglo-French:	acatour	vb	to buy	W7
Middle French:	accepter	vb	to accept	W7
	capable	adj	capable, able to do	W7
	captieux	adj	captious	W7
	capture	n.fem	rapt, capture	W7
	excepter	vb	to make an exception, to take out	W7
	occuper	vb	to occupy	W7
	recoverer	vb	to recover	W7
French:	gaffe	n.fem	long pointed rod; clumsy action	W7
Provencal:	gaf	n.masc	rod, spear for fishing	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	apkampt, apkampju, apkampu	vb	to embrace	LRC
Slavic
Russian:	kobets	n	falcon	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	kōpē	n.fem	oar	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
inf	=	infinitive
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)