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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kapro- 'he-goat'

Semantic Field: He-Goat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	gabor	n	goat	RPN
Scots Gaelic:	cabar	n.masc	horn	W7/GE
English
Old English:	hæfer	n	buck, he-goat	RPN
Middle English:	caperis	n.pl	capers	W7
	caprifige	n	caprifig	W7
	chevron	n	chevron	W7
English:	caber	n	pole	AHD/W7
	cabrilla	n	sea bass (fish)	AHD/W7
	cabriolet	n	light 1-horse 2-wheeled carriage	AHD/W7
	Capella	prop.n	bright double star in constellation Auriga	LRC
	caper	n	low prickly Mediterranean shrub	AHD/W7
	capers	n.pl	caper berries (a relish)	AHD/W7
	caprifig	n	wild fig	AHD/W7
	caprine	adj	re: goat	AHD/W7
	capriole	n	caper	AHD/W7
	chevron	n	heraldic charge: diagonal stripes meeting at angle	AHD/W7
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	hafr	n	he-goat, buck	RPN
Faeroese:	havur	n	he-goat, buck	RPN
Italic
Latin:	Capella	prop.n.fem	the Goat (a star)	W7
	caper, capris	n.masc	he-goat	RPN
	capra	n.fem	she-goat	W7
	capreolus	n.masc	goat, roebuck	W7
	caprificus	n.fem	the wild fig-tree	W7
	caprinus	adj	of goats	W7
Vulgar Latin:	caprio, caprionis	n.masc	rafter	W7
Old Italian:	capriola	n.fem	female goat	W7
	capriole	n.fem	female goat	W7
	capriolo	n.masc	roebuck	W7
Middle French:	capriole	n.fem	goat	W7
	chevron	n.masc	rafter, chevron	W7
French:	cabriole	n.fem	caper, leap	W7
	cabriolet	n.masc	cabriolet	W7
Spanish:	cabra	n.fem	goat	W7
	cabrilla	n.fem	sea bass	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	kapparis	n.fem	caper	W7
	κάπρος	n.masc	wild boar	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GE	=	Colin Mark: The Gaelic-English Dictionary (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)