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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kau-l-, ku-l- 'hole, hollow; bone'

Semantic Fields: Hollow, Concave; Bone

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	cuaille	n	post	GED
English
Old English:	cāl	n.masc	cole, wild cole-wort	W7/ASD
	hol	adj/n.neut	hollow; hole, den, cavern	GED/ASD
	hola	n.masc	hole	ASD
	*hol-bȳtla	n.masc	hole-builder	LRC
	holc/holg/holh	n.neut	hole, hollow, cavity	ASD
Middle English:	cole	n	cole	W7
	holh	n	hole, den	W7
	holw	adj	hollow	W7
English:	cauliflower	n	garden plant	AHD/W7
	cole	n	rape, herbaceous plant	W7
	coleslaw	n	salad of raw cabbage	W7
	Crickhollow	prop.n	Shire locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	gentlehobbit	n	noble/gentle hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hobbit	n	halfling in Tolkien: The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Holbytla	prop.n	a.k.a. hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hole	n	opening into/through something	W7
	Holfast	prop.n	hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hollow	adj/n	sunken, concave; cavity	W7
	Holman	prop.n	hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	lockhole	n	hobbit lock-up in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hol	adj/n	hollow; hole, cavity	GED
Old Dutch:	hol	n	hole, den, hollow, cavern	ASD
Dutch:	bloemkool	n	cauliflower	TLL
	kool	n	cole, cabbage	TLL
	koolsla	n	coleslaw, lit. cabbage salad	W7
Old Saxon:	kôl	n	cole, cabbage	KSW
Middle Low German:	hol	adj/n	hollow; hole, cavity	GED
Old High German:	hol	adj/n	hollow; hole, cavity	GED
	holi	n	hole	ASD
	kōl/kōlo/kōli	n.masc	cabbage	KDW
German:	Blumenkohl	n	cauliflower	TLL
	hohl	adj	hollow	ASD
	Höhle	n	hole	ASD
	Kohl	n	cabbage	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	holr	adj	hollow	GED
Old Icelandic:	hylr	n.masc	depression, deep place	GED
Icelandic:	hol	n	hole, den, hollow, cavern	ASD
	hola	n	hole	ASD
	holr	adj	hollow	ASD
Danish:	blomkaal	n	cauliflower	TLL
	kaal	n	cole, cabbage	TLL
Swedish:	blomkål	n	cauliflower	TLL
	kål	n	cole, cabbage	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hulundi	n	cavern	ASD
	*us-hulon	vb.wk.II	to hollow out	IEW/GED
Italic
Latin:	caulis/cōlis	n.masc	stem, stalk; penis	GED
Italian:	cabolfiore	n.masc	cauliflower	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	kaulan	n.acc	bone	GED
Lithuanian:	káulas	n.masc	bone	IEW/GED
Latvian:	kaũls	n	bone; stem	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	καυλός	n.masc	stem, stalk; shaft	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	kulyā́	n	brook, ditch	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
acc	=	accusative (case)
adj	=	adjective
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
KSW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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