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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: keg-, keng-, and kek-, kenk- 'peg, handle, (grappling) hook'

Semantic Fields: Nail, Peg; Hook, Crook

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	ail-cheng	n	rack for hanging weapons	RPN
English
Old English:	haca	n.masc	hook	ASD
	haccian	vb	to hack	IEW
	hacod	n.masc	pike	ASD
	hōc	n.masc	hook	W7/ASD
Middle English:	hakell, heckele	n	hackle	W7
	hakken	vb	to hack	W7
	hekelen	vb	to heckle	W7
	hook	n	hook	W7
English:	hacek	n	caron: diacritic resembling inverted circumflex	AHD
	hack	vb	to cut with repeated unskillful/irregular blows	AHD/W7
	hackle	n	comb/board with teeth for dressing flax/jute/hemp	W7
	hake	n	marine fish resembling cod	AHD
	hakenkreuz	n	swastika used as symbol of Nazi Germany	AHD/W7
	harquebus	n	obsolete portable firearm	AHD/W7
	hatchel	n	hackle	IEW
	heckle	vb.trans	to badger, harass/disconcert with gibes/questions/challenges	AHD/W7
	hook	n	bent/curved implement for catching/holding/pulling	AHD/W7
	hooker	n	one-masted fishing boat	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hakkia	vb	to hack	ASD
Middle Dutch:	hoec	n	fishhook; corner	W7
	hoecboot	n	hooker	W7
Dutch:	hakken	vb	to hack, hew, chop	ASD
	hoek	n	angle, corner	TLL
	hoeker	n	hooker	W7
	kaak	n	jaw	TLL
Middle Low German:	hacken	vb	to hack	IEW
Old High German:	hacchōn	vb	to hack	W7
	hāko	n	hook	W7
	hank	n	handle	RPN
	hechit	n	pike	LRC
Middle High German:	hacken	vb	to hack	IEW
	hechel	n	hackle	IEW
German:	hacken	vb	to hack, chop	ASD
	Haken	n.masc	hook	W7
	Hakenkreuz	n.neut	swastika	W7
	Hechel	n.fem	hackle, flax-comb	LRC
	Hecht	n	pike	TLL
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	haki	n	hook	ASD
Danish:	hage	n	hook	ASD
	hakke	vb	to hack, hoe	ASD
Swedish:	haka	n	chin	TLL
	hake	n	hook	ASD
Italic
Middle French:	harquebuse, arquebuse	n.fem	harquebus	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kengė	n.fem	hook, clasp, latch	RPN/LD
Slavic
Czech:	hák	n	hook	AHD
	háček	n.dim	hacek, lit. small hook	AHD
Iranian
Farsi:	čang	n	claw, fist	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LD	=	Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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