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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. k̑ei- 'to lie, recline; camp, home'

Semantic Fields: to Lie, Recline; Home

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	céle	n.masc	friend, fellow, companion	AHD/IOI
	célide	n	ceilidh, visit	AHD
Irish:	céilidhe	n	ceilidh	AHD
Welsh:	cilydd	n	comrade, companion	IEW
English
Old English:	hām	n.masc/adv	home, village; homeward(s)	W7/ASD
	hīgid	n	hide, archaic English land unit	W7
	hīwan/hīgan	n.pl	members of household	W7/ASD
	hīwian	vb	to marry	KEW
Middle English:	cimitery	n	cemetery	W7
	citie	n	large/small town	W7
	civil	adj	civil	W7
	hamlet	n	hamlet	W7
	haunten	vb	to haunt	W7
	hide	n	hide (areal unit)	W7
	hine	n	servant, farmhand	W7
	hom	n	home	W7
English:	ceilidh	n	social gathering with Celtic dance/music/storytelling	AHD
	cemetery	n	burial ground	AHD/W7
	city	n	inhabited area greater in size/importance/population than town/village	AHD/W7
	civic	adj	re: city/citizen(ship)/civil affairs	AHD/W7
	civil	adj	re: citizens	AHD/W7
	haimish	adj	warm, homey, folksy, comfortable	AHD
	Hamfast	prop.n	hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hamlet	n	small village	AHD/W7
	Hamson	prop.n	hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hangar	n	shed, shelter, covered area	AHD
	haunt	vb	to frequent, visit often	AHD/W7
	hide	n	old English areal unit (usu. 120 acres)	AHD/W7
	hind	n	British farmhand	AHD/W7
	home	n	domicile, family's residence	AHD/W7
	homey	adj	cosy, homelike, intimate	W7
	incunabulum	n	book printed before 1501	AHD/W7
	Niflheim	prop.n	primordial realm of cold and darkness, lit. Mist Home (Norse mythology)	LRC
	site	n	place, position, (occupied) location	W7
	situate	adj	re: location, having a site	AHD/W7
	situate	vb	to place, locate	W7
	situs	n	site	AHD
W-Germanic
Dutch:	huwelijk	n	marriage	TLL
	huwen	vb	to marry	LRC
Old Saxon:	hēm	n	home, dwelling place	ASD
	hīwa	n	wife	ASD
Old High German:	haim	n/adv	home	ASD
	hīwa	n	married woman	ASD
	hīwo	n	married man	ASD
German:	Heim	n.neut	home	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	heimr	n.masc	home, region, world	LRC
	Niflheimr	prop.n.masc	Niflheim	W7
Icelandic:	heim	adv	home	ASD
	heimr	n	abode, world	ASD
	hjū(n)/hjōn	n	family, household, man and wife	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	haims	n.fem	home, village	ASD
	heiwa-frauja	n.masc	head of household	KGW
Italic
Latin:	civicus	adj	civic	W7
	civilis	adj	civil	W7
	civis	n.masc	citizen	W7
	civitas, civitatis	n.fem	citizenship, state, city of Rome	LRC
	cuna	n.fem	cradle	W7
	incunabula	n.fem	swaddling clothes, cradle	W7
	situs	n.masc	situs	W7
Late Latin:	coemeterium	n.neut	burial place	W7
Medieval Latin:	situō, situāre, situāvī, situātus	vb	to situate	W7
New Latin:	incunabulum	n.neut	book printed before 1501	W7
Spanish:	ciudád	n	city	TLL
Old French:	cité	n.fem	capital city	W7
	hanter	vb	to haunt	W7
Middle French:	cimitere	n.masc	cemetery	W7
	civil	adj	of a citizen	W7
	hamelet	n.masc.dim	hamlet	W7
Italian:	città	n	city	TLL
Baltic
Latvian:	saime	n.fem	family	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	κεῖμαι	vb	to lie, recline, be placed	LRC
	koiman	vb	to put to sleep	W7
	koimētērion	n.neut	sleeping chamber, burial place	W7
	κοίτη	n.fem	the marriage-bed	RPN
	κοῖτος	n.masc	the marriage-bed	RPN
	kōmē	n.fem	village	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	ki-it-ta(-ri)	vb.3.sg.pres.mid	to lie, be placed	RPN
Palaic:	ki-i-ta-ar	vb.3.sg.pres.mid	to lie, be placed	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	saēte	vb	to lie down, recline	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	śāyayati	vb.caus	to lay, cause to lie down	RPN
	śéte	vb	to lie (down)	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
caus	=	causative
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
mid	=	middle (voice)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
pres	=	present (tense)
prop	=	proper
sg	=	singular (number)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
IOI	=	Ruth P.M. and Winfred P. Lehmann: An Introduction to Old Irish (1975)
KEW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
KGW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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