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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 6. kel-, k(_e)lē-, k(_e)lā-, or kl̥̄-? 'to call, cry'

Semantic Field: to Call, Summon

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	geholian	vb	to obtain	W7
	hlimman, hlamm, hlumon, hlummen	vb.str.III	to roar, resound	LRC
	hlōwan	vb.str	to low	W7/ASD
Middle English:	calender	n	calendar	W7
	claimen	vb	to claim	W7
	clamor	n	clamor	W7
	clere	adj	clear	W7
	counceil	n	council	W7
	declamen	vb	to declaim	W7
	declaren	vb	to declare	W7
	gleyre	n	egg white	W7
	halen	vb	to hale	W7
	halier	n	halyard	W7
	kalendes	n.pl	calends	W7
	loowen	vb	to low	W7
	Paraclit	prop.n	Paraclete, Holy Spirit	W7
	proclamen	vb	to proclaim	W7
	reclamen	vb	to reclaim	W7
	reconcilen	vb	to reconcile	W7
English:	acclaim	vb	to praise, applaud	AHD/W7
	calendar	n	system for fixing/arranging days/weeks/months of civil year	AHD/W7
	calends	n	beginning of ancient Roman month, with days counted backward to ides	AHD/W7
	claim	n	demand for something due	W7
	claim	vb.trans	to ask for (as right)	AHD/W7
	clamant	adj	blatant, clamorous	AHD/W7
	clamor	n	noisy shouting	AHD/W7
	class	n	group sharing same social/economic status	AHD/W7
	clear	adj	bright, luminous	AHD/W7
	conciliate	vb.trans	to gain (e.g. goodwill) by pleasing	AHD/W7
	council	n	meeting/assembly for advice/discussion/consultation	AHD/W7
	declaim	vb	to speak rhetorically	AHD/W7
	declare	vb	to make clear	AHD/W7
	ecclesia	n	church	AHD
	eclair	n	oblong cream puff with custard/whipped cream filling	AHD/W7
	exclaim	vb	to speak/cry out in strong/sudden emotion	AHD/W7
	glair	n	(size made from) egg white	AHD/W7
	hale	vb.trans	to haul	AHD/W7
	halyard	n	rope/tackle for hoisting/lowering	AHD/W7
	haul	vb	to pull/draw with force/violence	AHD/W7/OED
	intercalate	vb.trans	to insert (e.g. day) in calendar	AHD/W7
	keelhaul	vb.trans	to haul under ship's keel as torture/punishment	AHD/W7
	low	vb.intrans	to moo	AHD/W7
	nomenclator	n	book containing lists/collections of words	AHD/W7
	Paraclete	prop.n	helper, supporter	AHD/W7
	proclaim	vb.trans	to announce, declare publicly via speech/writing	AHD/W7
	quitclaim	n	transfer of claim/right/title	AHD
	reclaim	vb.trans	to reform, recall from wrong/improper conduct	AHD/W7
	reconcile	vb.trans	to restore to harmony/friendship/communion	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	halen	vb	to haul	W7
Dutch:	halen	vb	to haul	W7
	kielhalen	vb	to keelhaul	W7
Old High German:	halōn	vb	to call, fetch	RPN
	hloen	vb	to low	W7
	hlōon	vb	to low	ASD
Middle High German:	hëllen	vb	to resound	RPN
German:	hallen	vb	to resound	LRC
	Kielholen	vb	to keelhaul	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hjaldr	n.masc	battle	LRC
Old Icelandic:	hjala	vb	to talk, chatter	RPN
Icelandic:	hlōa	vb	to roar	ASD
Italic
Latin:	acclamo, acclamāre	vb	to acclaim	W7
	calendae	n.fem.pl	calends	W7
	calo, calare, calavi, calatus	vb	to call, summon	RPN
	clāmo, clāmare	vb	to call, shout, cry out	RPN
	clamor, clamoris	n.masc	shout, loud noise	LRC
	claro, clarare	vb	to make clear	W7
	clarus	adj	clear, famous	W7
	classis	n.fem	group called to arms, fleet	W7
	concilio, conciliare, conciliavi, conciliatus	vb	to unite, assemble, conciliate	W7
	concilium	n.neut	assembly, council	W7
	dēclāro, dēclārare	vb	to declare, make clear	W7
	exclamo, exclamare	vb	to exclaim	W7
	intercalo, intercalare, intercalavi, intercalatus	vb	to intercalate	W7
	kalendae	n.fem.pl	calends, a day in the Roman calendar	W7
	kalendarium	n.neut	moneylender's account book	W7
	nomenclator	n.masc	caller	W7
	proclamo, proclamare	vb	to proclaim	W7
	reclamo, reclamare	vb	to cry out against	W7
	reconcilio, reconciliare	vb	to repair, reconcile	W7
Vulgar Latin:	claria	n.fem	glair	W7
Late Latin:	ecclesia	n	church	W7
	Paracletus	n.masc	Paraclete	W7
Medieval Latin:	kalendarium	n.neut	calendar	W7
Portuguese:	claro	adj	clear	TLL
Spanish:	claro	adj	clear	TLL
Old French:	clamer	vb	to claim	W7
	cler	adj	clear	W7
	concile	n.masc	council	W7
	reclamer	vb	to call back, to claim back	W7
Anglo-French:	calender	n.masc	calendar	W7
Middle French:	clamour	n.fem	loud noise	W7
	declarer	vb	to declare	W7
	exclamer	vb	to exclaim	W7
	glaire	n.fem	egg white	W7
	haler	vb	to haul, pull	W7
	Paraclet	n.masc	Paraclete	W7
	proclamer	vb	to proclaim	W7
	réconcilier	vb	to reconcile	W7
French:	clair	adj	clear	TLL
	classe	n.fem	class	W7
	éclair	n.masc	lightning	W7
Italian:	chiaro	adj	clear	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kalbà	n	language	RPN
Latvian:	kal’uôt	vb	to chatter	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	ἀνακαλέω	vb	to designate	LRC
	ekklēsia	n	assembly of citizens	W7
	ἐπίκλησις	n.fem	name, title	LRC
	καλέω	vb	to call, summon	LRC
	κέλαδος	n	noise	RPN
	κολέω	vb	to call, to summon	RPN
	parakalein	vb	to comfort	W7
	Paraklētos	n.masc	Paraclete	W7
Late Greek:	ekklēsia	n	church	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	kalgalinai-	vb	to clang, clash	RPN
	kalleš-, kalliš-	vb	to evoke, summon	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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