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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. ker(ə)- 'to burn'

Semantic Field: to Burn, Scorch

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	heorþ	n.masc	hearth	W7/ASD
	heorð-genēat	n.masc	lit. hearth-companion	LRC
Middle English:	carbuncle	n	carbuncle	W7
	herth	n	hearth	W7
English:	carbon	n	nonmetallic tetravalent element, the basis of life	AHD/W7
	carbuncle	n	red precious stone	AHD/W7
	ceramic	adj	re: product (e.g. earthenware) made from nonmetallic mineral by high-temperature firing	AHD/W7
	crash	n	coarse fabric used for towels/clothing/draperies	AHD/W7
	cremate	vb.trans	to reduce a body to ashes by fire	AHD/W7
	hearth	n	brick/stone/cement area fronting fireplace	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	herth/hirth/herd	n	hearth	ASD
Dutch:	haard	n	hearth	TLL
Old High German:	herd	n	hearth	W7
German:	Herd	n.masc	hearth	ASD
Italic
Latin:	carbo, carbonis	n.masc	ember, charcoal	W7
	carbunculus	n.masc	small coal, carbuncle	W7
	cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus	vb	to cremate, burn up	LRC
Middle French:	carbuncle	n.fem	carbuncle	W7
French:	carbone	n.masc	charcoal	W7
Slavic
Russian:	krashenina	n	colored linen	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	keramikos	adj	of potters	W7
	keramos	n.masc	pottery, potter's clay	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	kūdayāti	vb	to singe	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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