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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: k̑lei- 'to lean, incline, tip (over)'

Semantic Field: to Lie, Recline

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hlǣder/hlæd(d)er/hlæddre	n.fem	ladder	W7/ASD
	hlǣnan	vb.wk.trans	to lean (something)	KEW/ASD
	hlǣne	adj	lean, meager	KEW
	hlǣnian	vb.wk	to make/become lean	ASD
	hlǣw/hlāw/hlāu/hlēw	n.str.masc	mound	ASD
	hlid	n.neut	lid	W7/ASD
	hlinian/hleonian	vb.wk	to lean	W7/ASD
	hlið	n.neut	cliff, hill	LRC
Middle English:	client	n	client	W7
	climat	n	climate	W7
	declinen	vb	to decline	W7
	inclinen	vb	to incline	W7
	ladder	n	ladder	W7
	lene	adj	lean	W7
	lenen	vb	to lean	W7
	lid	n	lid	W7
	reclinen	vb	to recline	W7
English:	acclimate	vb	to adapt, become accustomed	AHD
	acclivity	n	ascending slope	AHD/W7
	anaclisis	n	psychological dependence on others	AHD
	androclinium	n	a.k.a. clinandrium	AHD
	client	n	vassal, dependent, person under protection	AHD/W7
	climate	n	(region of earth having) specified long-term weather	AHD/W7
	climax	n	arrangement of phrases/sentences by ascending rhetorical force	AHD/W7
	-clinal	adj.sfx	sloping	AHD/W7
	clinandrium	n	hollow containing anther in upper part of orchid column	AHD
	cline	n	graded series of differences exhibited by group of related organisms	AHD/W7
	-clinic	adj.sfx	dipping, inclining	AHD/W7
	clinic	n	medical instruction with patients discussed/examined	AHD/W7
	clisis	n	process of making/becoming a clitic	AHD
	clitellum	n	epidermal region in worm where viscous fluid forms egg cocoon	AHD
	clitoris	n	small organ in vulva homologous to penis	AHD/W7
	decline	vb	to stray, turn from straight course	AHD/W7
	declivity	n	downward inclination	AHD/W7
	diclinous	adj	diclinic; unisexual: having only pistils or stamens	AHD/CDC
	enclitic	adj	pronounced as part of preceding word	AHD/W7
	incline	vb	to bow, bend head/body forward	AHD/W7
	ladder	n	structure for climbing: 2 long sidepieces joined by crosswise steps	AHD/W7
	lean, leant	vb.wk	to bend/incline/deviate from vertical	AHD/W7
	lean	adj	with little/no fat, lacking/deficient in flesh	W7
	lid	n	movable cover for opening of hollow structure (e.g. box)	AHD/W7
	matriclinous	adj	having maternal hereditary traits	AHD
	monoclinous	adj	having stamens/pistils in same flower	AHD/W7
	pericline	n	albite occurring in elongated opaque white crystals	AHD/W7
	proclitic	adj	pronounced as part of following word	AHD/W7
	proclivity	n	inclination/predisposition toward something	AHD/W7
	recline	vb	to incline backwards	AHD/W7
	triclinium	n	3-part couch for reclining at meals	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hladder/hleder	n	ladder	ASD
Dutch:	leunen	vb	to lean	LRC
	leuning	n	bannister	LRC
Old Saxon:	hlēwe	n	grave	ASD
	hlinon	vb	to lean	ASD
Old High German:	hlē/lēo	n	mound, grave-hill, memorial	KDW
	hlēo	n	mound	ASD
	hlinēn	vb	to lean	W7
	hlit	n	lid, cover	W7
	hlīta	n	hill, slope	ASD
	leinen	vb	to lean	KDW
	leitara/hleitar	n	ladder	W7/ASD
German:	Lehne	n.fem	support, backrest	LRC
	lehnen	vb	to lean, recline	LRC
	Leite	n	hill, slope	ASD
	Leiter	n	ladder	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hlaiwa	n	grave	KNW
	hlein	n	leaning-place (e.g. hill, rock)	KNW
Icelandic:	hlið	n	gate(way)	ASD
	hlīð	n	slope, mountainside	ASD
Danish:	læne	vb	to lean	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hlain(s)	n	hill	KGW
	hlaiw	n	tomb, grave	ASD
	hlaiwasna	n	grave, sepulcher	ASD
	hleiduma	adj/n.fem	left; left hand/side	LRC
	*hlija	n.masc	tent, tabernacle	LRC
Italic
Latin:	acclivis	adj	ascending	W7
	acclivitas	n.fem	ascent	W7
	cliens, clientis	n.masc	client	LRC
	clino, clināre	vb	to bend, incline	W7
	clivus	n.masc	hill, slope	W7
	declino, declināre	vb	to decline, inflect, turn aside	W7
	declivis	adj	sloping down	W7
	declivitas, declivitatis	n.fem	declivity	W7
	inclino, inclināre	vb	to incline	W7
	proclivis	adj	prone, sloping	W7
	proclivitas	n.fem	proclivity	W7
	reclino, reclinare	vb	to recline, lean back	W7
	triclinium	n.neut	dining room	W7
Late Latin:	clima, climatis	n.neut	climate, latitude, inclination	W7
	-cliticus	sfx	falling, bending towards	W7
	encliticus	adj	enclitic	W7
New Latin:	-clinus	sfx	inclined, -clinous	W7
	clitoris	n.fem	clitoris	W7
	monoclinus	adj	monoclinous	W7
	procliticus	adj	proclitic, inclined towards front	W7
Middle French:	client	n.masc	client; customer	W7
	climat	n.masc	climate	W7
	decliner	vb	to decay, decline	W7
	incliner	vb	to incline	W7
	recliner	vb	to recline	W7
French:	clinique	n.fem	medical office	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	klimë	n.fem	climate	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	ἀνακλίνω	vb	to lay down	LRC
	anaklisis	n	anaclisis, lit. leaning on/back	AHD
	enklinesthai	vb	to lean on	W7
	enklitikos	adj	leaning on	W7
	kleitoris	n.fem	clitoris	W7
	klima, klimatos	n.neut	climate, latitude, inclination	W7
	klimax	n.fem	ladder	W7
	klinein	vb	to bend	W7
	klinē	n.fem	bed	W7
	klinikē	n.fem	clinic, medical practice at sickbed	W7
	klinikos	adj	re: bed	W7
	periklinēs	adj	sloping on all sides	W7
	triklinion	adj	dining room with three beds	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	leaṙn	n	mountain	LRC
	linim	vb	to be, exist	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
KEW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
KGW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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