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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kleng-, and klenk- 'to bend, wind'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; to Wind, Wrap

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hlanc	adj	lank	W7
	hlinc	n.masc	link; hill, ridge	W7/ASD
Middle English:	flank	n	flank	W7
	lank	adj	lank	W7
	link	n	link	W7
English:	fianchetto	n	(a certain) development of chess bishop	AHD
	flange	n	rib/rim for strength/guiding/attachment	AHD/W7
	flank	n	fleshy part of side between ribs/hip	AHD/W7
	flanken	n	meat cut from short ribs	AHD
	flinch	vb.intrans	to wince, shrink (as if) from pain	AHD/W7
	lank	adj	thin, slender, not well filled-out	AHD/W7
	link	n	connecting structure	AHD/W7
	links	n.pl	sand hills along seashore	AHD/W7
	Southlinch	prop.n	Bree pipe-weed in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old High German:	(h)lanca	n	flank, loin, side	W7
Middle High German:	lanke/lanche	n	flank, loin, side	CDC
German:	Flanke	n.fem	flank, loin, side	LRC
	Gelenk	n	joint	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hlekkr	n	chain	W7
Italic
Middle French:	flenchir	vb	to bend	W7
Italian:	fianchetto	n.dim	little flank	AHD
	fianco	n	flank, side, hip	AHD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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