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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: klēu-, also klĕu-?, and klāu- 'hook, crook'

Semantic Field: Hook, Crook

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	clause	n	clause	W7
	cloistre	n	cloister	W7
	clos	adj/n	close	W7
	closen	vb	to close	W7
	closet	n	closet	W7
	closure	n	closure	W7
	clowe	n	clove	W7
	conclave	n	conclave	W7
	concluden	vb	to conclude	W7
	excluden	vb	to exclude	W7
	includen	vb	to include	W7
	recluse	n	recluse	W7
	secluden	vb	to seclude	W7
English:	clafouti(s)	n	French baked-fruit dessert	AHD
	clathrate	adj	resembling a lattice	AHD/W7
	clause	n	separate section of discourse/writing	AHD/W7
	claustrophobia	n	abnormal fear of closed/narrow spaces	W7
	clavate	adj	claviform, gradually thickening near distal end	AHD/W7
	clavichord	n	early keyboard instrument	AHD/W7
	clavicle	n	bone of vertebrate shoulder girdle linking scapula/sternum	AHD/W7
	clavier	n	keyboard of musical instrument	AHD/W7
	claviform	adj	club-shaped	AHD/W7
	clef	n	sign at beginning of musical staff	AHD/W7
	cleistogamous	adj	re: flower self-pollinated in bud	AHD
	cleistothecium	n	closed spherical ascocarp	AHD
	cloisonne	n	multicolored enamel/metal decoration	AHD/W7
	cloister	n	monastic establishment	AHD/W7
	close	adj	closed, having no openings	AHD/W7
	close	n	enclosed area	AHD/W7
	close	vb	to move to bar access/passage	AHD/W7
	closet	n	apartment/small room for privacy	AHD/W7
	closure	n	enclosure, means of enclosing	AHD/W7
	clove	n	dried flower bud of tropical tree	AHD/W7
	cloze	adj	re: reading test where subject supplies missing words	AHD
	conclave	n	private/secret meeting/assembly	AHD/W7
	conclude	vb	to enclose, shut up	AHD/W7
	eclosion	n	hatching from egg, emerging from pupal case	AHD/W7
	enclave	n	culturally/territorially distinct unit inside foreign territory	AHD/W7
	exclude	vb.trans	to shut out	AHD/W7
	include	vb.trans	to enclose, shut up	AHD/W7
	kevel	n	sturdy belaying pin	AHD
	occlude	vb	to obstruct, stop up	AHD/W7
	ophicleide	n	brass wind instrument	AHD/W7
	preclude	vb.trans	to close	AHD/W7
	recluse	adj	solitary, withdrawn from society	AHD/W7
	seclude	vb.trans	to keep away, confine in retired/inaccessible place	AHD/W7
	sluice	n	water gate, valved conduit	TLL
	sternocleidomastoid	n	neck muscle that rotates head	AHD
W-Germanic
Dutch:	sleutel	n	key	TLL
	slot	n	castle	TLL
Old High German:	sliozan	vb	to close	W7
	sloz	n	lock, bolt	KDW
	sluzzil	n	key	KDW
German:	Klavier	n.neut	clavier, piano	W7
	Schloss	n	lock; castle	TLL
	Schlüssel	n	key	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hlutr	n.masc	part, piece, thing	LRC
Danish:	slot	n	castle	TLL
Swedish:	slott	n	castle	TLL
Italic
Latin:	chorda	n.fem	string	W7
	clathri	n.masc.pl	lattices	W7
	claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus	vb	to close	W7
	claustrum	n.neut	bar, bolt	W7
	clausula	n.fem	end, conclusion, end of period in rhetoric	W7
	clava	n.fem	club	W7
	clavicula	n.fem	little key, clavicle	W7
	clavis	n.fem	key	W7
	clavus	n.masc	nail, knot in wood	W7
	concludo, concludere	vb	to shut up, end, infer	W7
	excludo, excludere	vb	to exclude, shut out	W7
	includo, includere	vb	to shut in	W7
	occludo, occludere	vb	to close	W7
	praecludo, praecludere	vb	to shut in	W7
	secludo, secludere	vb	to separate, seclude	W7
Vulgar Latin:	inclavo, inclavare	vb	to lock up	W7
Late Latin:	recludo, recludere, reclusi, reclusus	vb	to shut up	W7
Medieval Latin:	clausa	n.fem	close of rhetorical period	W7
	claustrum	n.neut	cloister	W7
	clavichordium	n.neut	clavichord	W7
New Latin:	clavatus	vb.ptc	nailed in wood	W7
Portuguese:	chave	n	key	TLL
	claustro	n	cloister	TLL
Spanish:	claustro	n	cloister	TLL
	esclusa	n	canal lock	TLL
	llave	n	key	TLL
Old French:	clause	n.fem	clause	W7
	clavier	n.masc	key bearer	W7
	cloistre	n.masc	cloister	W7
	clore, clos	vb	to close	W7
	reclus	adj	shut up	W7
Middle French:	clos	n.masc	enclosure	W7
	closet	n.masc	closet	W7
	closure	n.fem	fence	W7
	conclave	n.masc	conclave, enclosed reunion	W7
	enclave	n.fem	enclave, enclosed space	W7
	enclaver	vb	to enclose	W7
French:	clavicule	n.fem	clavicle	W7
	clavier	n.masc	keyboard	W7
	clef	n.fem	key	W7
	cloisonner	vb	to partition, fence in	W7
	cloître	n	cloister	TLL
	clôture	n.fem	fence	W7
	éclosion	n.fem	eclosion	W7
	écluse	n	canal lock	TLL
	enclave	n.fem	enclave, enclosed area	W7
	ophicléide	adj	re: genus of snake	W7
Italian:	chiave	n	key	TLL
	chiostro	n	cloister	TLL
Hellenic
Greek:	kleiein	vb	to close	W7
	kleis, kleidos	n.fem	key; collarbone	W7
	klēithron	n.neut	bar	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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