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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kom 'at, by, cum, with, alongside'

Semantic Field: Side

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	com-	adv/pfx	together, completely	RPN
English
Old English:	gecleopian/geclypian	vb.wk	to call, invoke	AHD/ASD
Middle English:	co(m)-	pfx	co(m)-	W7
	contra-	pfx	contra-	W7
	contrarie	adj	contrary	W7
	contre-	pfx	counter-	W7
	contree	n	country	W7
	countren	vb	to counter	W7
	encountren	vb	to encounter	W7
	epicene	adj	epicene	W7
	icleped	vb.past.ptc	yclept	AHD
English:	cata-/kata-	pfx	down	TLL
	catamenia	n.pl	menses	AHD/W7
	catapult	n	ancient military device for hurling missiles	AHD/W7
	co(m)-/con-	pfx	with, jointly, together	AHD/W7
	conquian	n	Mexican card game: cooncan	AHD
	contra-	pfx	against, contrary, contrasting	AHD/W7
	contrary	adj	diametrically opposite	AHD/W7
	contrary	n	opposite, incompatible fact/condition	W7
	cooncan	n	early version of rummy	AHD
	counter-	pfx	contrary, different	AHD/W7
	counter	vb	to oppose, act in opposition	AHD/W7
	country	n	region, indefinite expanse of land	AHD/W7
	cum	prep	(along/combined/together) with	AHD/W7
	encounter	vb.trans	to meet as enemy/adversary	AHD/W7
	epicene	adj	sexless, bisexual, effeminate; hermaphrodite	AHD/W7
	katabatic	adj	re: cold downward airflow	AHD
	Koine	prop.n	Attic dialect common to Hellenistic world	AHD
	yclept	vb.past.ptc	named, called	AHD
W-Germanic
German:	Katapult	n.neut	catapult	LRC
	kontra-	pfx	contra-	LRC
Italic
Oscan:	kúm	prep	cum: with	RPN
Latin:	catapulta	n.fem	catapult	W7
	co(m)-	adv/pfx	with, together	RPN
	contra	adv/prep/pfx	against, opposite, facing	W7
	contrarius	adj	contrary	W7
	cum	conj/prep	when; cum: with	W7
Late Latin:	incontra	adv	toward	W7
Medieval Latin:	contrata	n.neut.pl	contrary, things against	W7
	incontrō, incontrāre	vb	to meet, encounter	W7
New Latin:	catamenia	n.fem	catamenia	W7
Portuguese:	com	prep	cum: with	TLL
	contra	prep	against, in opposition to	TLL
Spanish:	con	prep	cum: with	TLL
	contra	prep	against, in opposition to	TLL
American Spanish:	conquián	n	conquian	AHD
Old French:	com-	pfx	com-	W7
	contrée	n.fem	country	W7
	encontrer	vb	to meet, encounter	W7
Middle French:	catapulte	n.fem	catapult	W7
	contraire	adj	contrary	W7
	contre	prep/pfx	against	W7
French:	contre	prep	against, in opposition to	TLL
Italian:	con	prep	cum: with	TLL
	contro	prep	against, in opposition to	TLL
Hellenic
Greek:	epikoinos	adj	common, promiscuous	W7
	κάτα/κατά	prep/adv/pfx	by, down, under; downwards, completely, according to	IEW
	katamēnia	n.fem	catamenia	W7
	katamēnios	adj	monthly, lit. by month	W7
	katapaltēs	n.masc	catapult	W7
	κάτω	adv	down, downward	LRC
	κοινᾖ	adv	publicly, in common, in concert	LS
	κοινός	adj	shared, common	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
past	=	past (tense)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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