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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: koro-s, kori̯o-s 'war, army, warrior'

Semantic Fields: War; Army; Soldier

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	here	n.masc	host, army, (enemy) band	LRC
	here-wulf	n.masc	warrior, lit. war-wolf	ASD
	hergian	vb.wk	to harry	W7/ASD
	stæl-here	n.masc	marauding army	LRC
Middle English:	arang	n	harangue	W7
	harien	vb	to harry	W7
	herald	n	herald	W7
	herberge	n	harbor	W7
	herbergere	n	harbinger	W7
	horyen	vb	to hurry	W7
English:	arriere-ban	n	king's proclamation calling vassals to arms	AHD/W7
	Dúnhere	prop.n	lord of Harrowdale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	harangue	n	speech addressed to public assembly	AHD/W7
	harbinger	n	person sent ahead to arrange lodging	AHD/W7
	harbor	n	refuge, place of security/comfort	AHD/W7
	harry	vb.trans	to make pillaging/destructive raid	AHD/W7
	herald	n	official making announcements at tournament of arms	AHD/W7
	Herefara	prop.n	Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Herubrand	prop.n	Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Herugrim	prop.n	Theoden's sword in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hurry	vb	to carry/cause to go with haste	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	here/hiri	n	host, army	ASD
Dutch:	herberg	n	inn	TLL
Old Saxon:	heri	n	host, army	ASD
Old High German:	heri/hari	n	host, army	W7/ASD
	heriberga	n	hostelry, army encampment	W7
	heriōn/harion	vb	to harry, lay waste	W7/ASD
German:	Heer	n	host, army	ASD
	Herberge	n.fem	hostel, harborage	LRC
	verheeren	vb	to harry	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	herr	n.masc	harrier, destroyer	LRC
Icelandic:	herja	vb	to harry	ASD
	herjask	vb	to wage war on one another	ASD
	herr	n	host, army	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	harjis	n.str.masc	host, army	LRC
Italic
Old French:	ariere-ban	n	arriere-ban	AHD
	herban	n	military service ban (summons)	AHD
	herbergere	n.fem	host, harbinger	W7
Middle French:	arenge	n.fem	harangue	W7
	hiraut	n.masc	herald	W7
French:	arrière-ban	n	arriere-ban	W7
	havre	n	haven, harbor	TLL
Old Italian:	aringa	n.fem	harangue	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kãras	n.masc	war	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	koiranos	n.masc	commander	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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