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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kost- 'leg, bone, costa'

Semantic Fields: Leg; Bone; Rib

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	cost	n	coast	W7
	costard	n	costard	AHD
	costrel	n	costrel	W7
English:	accost	vb.trans	to address, approach, speak (first) to	AHD/W7
	coast	n	seashore; border, frontier	AHD/W7
	coastal	adj	re: coast	LRC
	costa, costae	n	rib, riblike part	AHD
	costal	adj	re: ribs	AHD/W7
	costard	n	large English cooking apple	AHD/W7
	costrel	n	leather/wooden/earthenware container for liquids	AHD/W7
	cuesta	n	hill/ridge with steep slope on one side, gentle slope on other	AHD/W7
	cutlet	n	small slice of broiled/fried meat	AHD/W7
	intercostal	adj	situated between ribs	AHD/W7
	sternocostal	adj	re: ribs/sternum	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	kust	n	coast	TLL
German:	Kotelett	n.neut	cutlet, chop (of meat)	LRC
	Küste	n.fem	coast	LRC
N-Germanic
Danish:	kyst	n	coast	TLL
Swedish:	kyste	n	coast	TLL
Italic
Latin:	costa, costae	n.fem	side, costa	RPN
Medieval Latin:	accosto, accostare	vb	to adjoin	AHD
New Latin:	intercostalis	adj	intercostal	W7
Portuguese:	costa	n	coast	TLL
Spanish:	costa	n	coast	TLL
	cuesta	n.fem	steep terrain	W7
Old French:	accoster	vb	to accost	AHD
	coste	n.fem	side, costa	W7
	costellette	n.fem.dim	cutlet	W7
Old North French:	costard	n	costard	AHD
Middle French:	accoster	vb	to accost	W7
	coste	n.fem	side, costa	W7
	costerel	n.masc	costrel	W7
	costier	adj	costal; coastal	W7
French:	accoster	vb	to accost	AHD
	côte	n	coast	TLL
	côtelette	n.fem	cutlet, chop (of meat)	W7
Italian:	costa	n	coast	TLL
Slavic
Polish:	kość	n	bone	RPN
Czech:	kost	n	bone	RPN
Serbo-Croatian:	k̑ost	n	rib	RPN
Old Church Slavonic:	kostь	n.fem	bone	LRC
Bulgarian:	kost	n	bone	RPN
Macedonian Slavic:	koska	n	bone	RPN
Russian:	kost’	n	bone	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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