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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. k^u̯ei(-t)- 'to observe with respect, pay attention to'

Semantic Fields: to Look; to Listen, Harken

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	cin	n	fault, liability	RPN
English
Old English:	*pīn	n.fem	pine, anguish, punishment	W7/ASD
	pīnian	vb.wk	to pine, torture	W7/ASD
Middle English:	pain	n	pain	W7
	penal	adj	penal	W7
	pinen	vb	to pine	W7
	punisshen	vb	to punish	W7
	suppena	n	subpoena	W7
English:	impunity	n	freedom/exemption from loss/harm/punishment	AHD/W7
	pain	n	punishment	AHD/W7
	penal	adj	re: penalty/punishment/punitive institution	AHD/W7
	penalty	n	punishment for crime/offense	AHD/W7
	penance	n	compensation for ill deed(s)	TLL
	penitence	n	remorse	TLL
	penology	n	criminology branch dealing with prison management/treatment of offenders	AHD/W7
	pine	n.obs	torture, torment, suffering	OED
	pine	vb.obs	to torment, afflict with pain/suffering	OED
	punish	vb	to impose penalty for fault/offense/violation	AHD/W7
	punitive	adj	punishing, re: punishment	AHD
	punitory	adj	inflicting punishment	AHD
	repine	vb	to fret, complain, feel/express discontent	AHD
	subpoena	n	writ commanding attendance at court	AHD/W7
	timocracy	n	government based on wealth/love of honor	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	pijn	n	pain	LRC
N-Germanic
Danish:	pine	n/vb	pine; to pine, torture	LRC
Swedish:	pina	n	pain	LRC
Italic
Latin:	impūne	adv	without punishment	W7
	impūnitas, impūnitatis	n.fem	impunity, lit. no punishment	W7
	paenitentia	n	penitence, repentance	ELD
	poena, poenae	n.fem	pain, penalty, punishment	LRC
	poenalis	adj	penal	W7
	pūnio, pūnīre	vb	to punish	W7
Medieval Latin:	poenalitas	n.fem	penalty	W7
	timocratia	n.fem	timocracy	W7
Old French:	peine	n	payment, penalty	W7
Middle French:	impunité	n.fem	impunity	W7
	pénal	adj	penal, of penalty	W7
	punir, puniss-	vb	to punish	W7
	tymocracie	n.fem	timocracy, rule of the wealthy	W7
French:	punir	vb	to punish	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	káina	n	cost, price	RPN
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	pokazati, pokazajǫ, pokazaješi	vb	to show, instruct, correct, chasten	LRC
	cěna	n	reward	RPN
	čьstь	n.fem	rank, honor, reverence; feast, device, pattern	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	kohë	n	time	IEW
Hellenic
Greek:	ἀτιμάζω	vb	to dishonor	LRC
	pitys	n.fem	pine	W7
	ποινή	n	retribution, penalty	RPN
	timē	n.fem	price, value, honor	W7
	timokratia	n.fem	timocracy	W7
	τίνω	vb	to atone for, pay the price	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	čikayat̰	vb	to atone for	RPN
	kaēnā	n	punishment, revenge	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	cáyate	vb	to avenge, punish	RPN
	citi-ḥ	n	retaliation	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
obs	=	obsolete
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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